iota_indexer/store/

pg_indexer_store.rs

// Copyright (c) Mysten Labs, Inc.
// Modifications Copyright (c) 2024 IOTA Stiftung
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

use core::result::Result::Ok;
use std::{any::Any as StdAny, collections::HashMap, time::Duration};

use async_trait::async_trait;
use diesel::{
    ExpressionMethods, OptionalExtension, PgConnection, QueryDsl, RunQueryDsl,
    dsl::{max, min, sql},
    sql_types::{Array, BigInt, Bytea, Nullable, SmallInt, Text},
    upsert::excluded,
};
use downcast::Any;
use iota_protocol_config::ProtocolConfig;
use iota_sdk_types::{CheckpointDigest, ObjectId};
use iota_types::digests::ChainIdentifier;
use itertools::Itertools;
use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
use tap::TapFallible;
use tracing::info;

use super::pg_partition_manager::{EpochPartitionData, PgPartitionManager};
use crate::{
    blocking_call_is_ok_or_panic,
    db::ConnectionPool,
    errors::{Context, IndexerError},
    ingestion::{
        common::{
            persist::CommitterWatermark,
            prepare::{
                CheckpointObjectChanges, LiveObject, RemovedObject,
                retain_latest_objects_from_checkpoint_batch,
            },
        },
        primary::persist::{EpochToCommit, TransactionObjectChangesToCommit},
    },
    insert_or_ignore_into,
    metrics::IndexerMetrics,
    models::{
        checkpoints::{StoredChainIdentifier, StoredCheckpoint, StoredCpTx},
        display::StoredDisplay,
        epoch::{StoredEpochInfo, StoredFeatureFlag, StoredProtocolConfig},
        events::StoredEvent,
        obj_indices::StoredObjectVersion,
        objects::{
            StoredBackwardHistoryObject, StoredCheckpointedObject, StoredDeletedObject,
            StoredObject, StoredObjects,
        },
        packages::StoredPackage,
        transactions::{OptimisticTransaction, StoredTransaction, TxGlobalOrder},
        tx_indices::TxIndexSplit,
        watermarks::StoredWatermark,
    },
    on_conflict_do_update, on_conflict_do_update_with_condition, persist_chunk_into_table,
    persist_chunk_into_table_in_existing_connection,
    pruning::pruner::PrunableTable,
    read_only_blocking, run_query, run_query_with_retry,
    schema::{
        chain_identifier, checkpointed_objects, checkpoints, display, epochs, event_emit_module,
        event_emit_package, event_senders, event_struct_instantiation, event_struct_module,
        event_struct_name, event_struct_package, events, feature_flags, objects,
        objects_backward_history, objects_version, optimistic_transactions, packages,
        protocol_configs, pruner_cp_watermark, transactions, tx_calls_fun, tx_calls_mod,
        tx_calls_pkg, tx_changed_objects, tx_digests, tx_global_order, tx_input_objects, tx_kinds,
        tx_recipients, tx_senders, tx_wrapped_or_deleted_objects, watermarks,
    },
    store::{IndexerStore, diesel_macro::mark_in_blocking_pool},
    transactional_blocking_with_retry,
    types::{
        EventIndex, IndexedCheckpoint, IndexedDeletedObject, IndexedEvent, IndexedObject,
        IndexedTransaction, TxIndex,
    },
};

/// A cursor representing the global order position of transaction according to
/// tx_global_order table
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TxGlobalOrderCursor {
    pub global_sequence_number: i64,
    pub optimistic_sequence_number: i64,
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! chunk {
    ($data: expr, $size: expr) => {{
        $data
            .into_iter()
            .chunks($size)
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| c.collect())
            .collect::<Vec<Vec<_>>>()
    }};
}

macro_rules! prune_tx_or_event_indice_table {
    ($table:ident, $conn:expr, $min_tx:expr, $max_tx:expr, $context_msg:expr) => {
        diesel::delete($table::table.filter($table::tx_sequence_number.between($min_tx, $max_tx)))
            .execute($conn)
            .map_err(IndexerError::from)
            .context($context_msg)?;
    };
}

// In one DB transaction, the update could be chunked into
// a few statements, this is the amount of rows to update in one statement
// TODO: I think with the `per_db_tx` params, `PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX`
// is now less relevant. We should do experiments and remove it if it's true.
const PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX: usize = 1000;
// The amount of rows to update in one DB transaction
const PG_COMMIT_PARALLEL_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 100;
// The amount of rows to update in one DB transaction, for objects particularly
// Having this number too high may cause many db deadlocks because of
// optimistic locking.
const PG_COMMIT_OBJECTS_PARALLEL_CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 500;
const PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION: Duration = Duration::from_secs(3600);

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct PgIndexerStoreConfig {
    pub parallel_chunk_size: usize,
    pub parallel_objects_chunk_size: usize,
}

pub struct PgIndexerStore {
    blocking_cp: ConnectionPool,
    metrics: IndexerMetrics,
    partition_manager: PgPartitionManager,
    pub(crate) config: PgIndexerStoreConfig,
}

impl Clone for PgIndexerStore {
    fn clone(&self) -> PgIndexerStore {
        Self {
            blocking_cp: self.blocking_cp.clone(),
            metrics: self.metrics.clone(),
            partition_manager: self.partition_manager.clone(),
            config: self.config.clone(),
        }
    }
}

impl PgIndexerStore {
    pub fn new(blocking_cp: ConnectionPool, metrics: IndexerMetrics) -> Self {
        let parallel_chunk_size = std::env::var("PG_COMMIT_PARALLEL_CHUNK_SIZE")
            .unwrap_or_else(|_e| PG_COMMIT_PARALLEL_CHUNK_SIZE.to_string())
            .parse::<usize>()
            .unwrap();
        let parallel_objects_chunk_size = std::env::var("PG_COMMIT_OBJECTS_PARALLEL_CHUNK_SIZE")
            .unwrap_or_else(|_e| PG_COMMIT_OBJECTS_PARALLEL_CHUNK_SIZE.to_string())
            .parse::<usize>()
            .unwrap();
        let partition_manager = PgPartitionManager::new(blocking_cp.clone())
            .expect("failed to initialize partition manager");
        let config = PgIndexerStoreConfig {
            parallel_chunk_size,
            parallel_objects_chunk_size,
        };

        Self {
            blocking_cp,
            metrics,
            partition_manager,
            config,
        }
    }

    pub fn get_metrics(&self) -> IndexerMetrics {
        self.metrics.clone()
    }

    pub fn blocking_cp(&self) -> ConnectionPool {
        self.blocking_cp.clone()
    }

    /// Get the range of the protocol versions that need to be indexed.
    pub fn get_protocol_version_index_range(&self) -> Result<(i64, i64), IndexerError> {
        // We start indexing from the next protocol version after the latest one stored
        // in the db.
        let start = read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
            protocol_configs::dsl::protocol_configs
                .select(max(protocol_configs::protocol_version))
                .first::<Option<i64>>(conn)
        })
        .context("Failed reading latest protocol version from PostgresDB")?
        .map_or(1, |v| v + 1);

        // We end indexing at the protocol version of the latest epoch stored in the db.
        let end = read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
            epochs::dsl::epochs
                .select(max(epochs::protocol_version))
                .first::<Option<i64>>(conn)
        })
        .context("Failed reading latest epoch protocol version from PostgresDB")?
        .unwrap_or(1);
        Ok((start, end))
    }

    pub fn get_chain_identifier(&self) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, IndexerError> {
        read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
            chain_identifier::dsl::chain_identifier
                .select(chain_identifier::checkpoint_digest)
                .first::<Vec<u8>>(conn)
                .optional()
        })
        .context("Failed reading chain id from PostgresDB")
    }

    fn get_latest_checkpoint_sequence_number(&self) -> Result<Option<u64>, IndexerError> {
        read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
            checkpoints::dsl::checkpoints
                .select(max(checkpoints::sequence_number))
                .first::<Option<i64>>(conn)
                .map(|v| v.map(|v| v as u64))
        })
        .context("Failed reading latest checkpoint sequence number from PostgresDB")
    }

    fn get_available_checkpoint_range(&self) -> Result<(u64, u64), IndexerError> {
        read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
            checkpoints::dsl::checkpoints
                .select((
                    min(checkpoints::sequence_number),
                    max(checkpoints::sequence_number),
                ))
                .first::<(Option<i64>, Option<i64>)>(conn)
                .map(|(min, max)| {
                    (
                        min.unwrap_or_default() as u64,
                        max.unwrap_or_default() as u64,
                    )
                })
        })
        .context("Failed reading min and max checkpoint sequence numbers from PostgresDB")
    }

    fn get_prunable_epoch_range(&self) -> Result<(u64, u64), IndexerError> {
        read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
            epochs::dsl::epochs
                .select((min(epochs::epoch), max(epochs::epoch)))
                .first::<(Option<i64>, Option<i64>)>(conn)
                .map(|(min, max)| {
                    (
                        min.unwrap_or_default() as u64,
                        max.unwrap_or_default() as u64,
                    )
                })
        })
        .context("Failed reading min and max epoch numbers from PostgresDB")
    }

    fn persist_displays_chunk(&self, displays: Vec<StoredDisplay>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| self.persist_displays_chunk_in_existing_transaction(conn, &displays),
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )?;

        Ok(())
    }

    pub(crate) fn persist_live_objects(
        &self,
        objects: Vec<LiveObject>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_objects_chunks
            .start_timer();
        let len = objects.len();
        let raw_query = r#"
            INSERT INTO objects (
                object_id,
                object_version,
                object_digest,
                owner_type,
                owner_id,
                object_type,
                object_type_package,
                object_type_module,
                object_type_name,
                serialized_object,
                coin_type,
                coin_balance,
                df_kind,
                finalized_in_cp
            )
            SELECT
                u.object_id,
                u.object_version,
                u.object_digest,
                u.owner_type,
                u.owner_id,
                u.object_type,
                u.object_type_package,
                u.object_type_module,
                u.object_type_name,
                u.serialized_object,
                u.coin_type,
                u.coin_balance,
                u.df_kind,
                u.finalized_in_cp
            FROM UNNEST(
                $1::BYTEA[],
                $2::BIGINT[],
                $3::BYTEA[],
                $4::SMALLINT[],
                $5::BYTEA[],
                $6::TEXT[],
                $7::BYTEA[],
                $8::TEXT[],
                $9::TEXT[],
                $10::BYTEA[],
                $11::TEXT[],
                $12::BIGINT[],
                $13::SMALLINT[],
                $14::BYTEA[],
                $15::BIGINT[]
            ) AS u(object_id, object_version, object_digest, owner_type, owner_id, object_type, object_type_package, object_type_module, object_type_name, serialized_object, coin_type, coin_balance, df_kind, tx_digest, finalized_in_cp)
            LEFT JOIN tx_global_order o ON o.tx_digest = u.tx_digest
            WHERE o.optimistic_sequence_number IS NULL OR o.optimistic_sequence_number = -1
            ON CONFLICT (object_id) DO UPDATE
            SET
                object_version = EXCLUDED.object_version,
                object_digest = EXCLUDED.object_digest,
                owner_type = EXCLUDED.owner_type,
                owner_id = EXCLUDED.owner_id,
                object_type = EXCLUDED.object_type,
                object_type_package = EXCLUDED.object_type_package,
                object_type_module = EXCLUDED.object_type_module,
                object_type_name = EXCLUDED.object_type_name,
                serialized_object = EXCLUDED.serialized_object,
                coin_type = EXCLUDED.coin_type,
                coin_balance = EXCLUDED.coin_balance,
                df_kind = EXCLUDED.df_kind,
                finalized_in_cp = EXCLUDED.finalized_in_cp
            WHERE EXCLUDED.object_version > objects.object_version
        "#;
        let (objects, tx_digests): (StoredObjects, Vec<_>) = objects
            .into_iter()
            .map(LiveObject::split)
            .map(|(indexed_object, tx_digest)| {
                (
                    StoredObject::from(indexed_object),
                    tx_digest.into_inner().to_vec(),
                )
            })
            .unzip();
        let query = diesel::sql_query(raw_query)
            .bind::<Array<Bytea>, _>(objects.object_ids)
            .bind::<Array<BigInt>, _>(objects.object_versions)
            .bind::<Array<Bytea>, _>(objects.object_digests)
            .bind::<Array<SmallInt>, _>(objects.owner_types)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<Bytea>>, _>(objects.owner_ids)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<Text>>, _>(objects.object_types)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<Bytea>>, _>(objects.object_type_packages)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<Text>>, _>(objects.object_type_modules)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<Text>>, _>(objects.object_type_names)
            .bind::<Array<Bytea>, _>(objects.serialized_objects)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<Text>>, _>(objects.coin_types)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<BigInt>>, _>(objects.coin_balances)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<SmallInt>>, _>(objects.df_kinds)
            .bind::<Array<Bytea>, _>(tx_digests)
            .bind::<Array<Nullable<BigInt>>, _>(objects.finalized_in_cps);
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                query.clone().execute(conn)?;
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(elapsed, "Persisted {len} chunked objects");
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist object mutations with error: {e}");
        })
    }

    fn persist_removed_objects(&self, objects: Vec<RemovedObject>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_objects_chunks
            .start_timer();
        let len = objects.len();
        let raw_query = r#"
            DELETE FROM objects
            USING (
                SELECT u.object_id, u.object_version
                FROM UNNEST(
                    $1::BYTEA[],
                    $2::BIGINT[],
                    $3::BYTEA[]
                ) AS u(object_id, object_version, tx_digest)
                LEFT JOIN tx_global_order o ON o.tx_digest = u.tx_digest
                WHERE o.optimistic_sequence_number IS NULL OR o.optimistic_sequence_number = -1
            ) AS to_delete
            WHERE objects.object_id = to_delete.object_id
            AND objects.object_version < to_delete.object_version
        "#;
        let (object_ids, versions, tx_digests): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = objects
            .into_iter()
            .map(|removed_object| {
                (
                    removed_object.object_id().as_bytes().to_vec(),
                    removed_object.version() as i64,
                    removed_object.transaction_digest.into_inner().to_vec(),
                )
            })
            .multiunzip();
        let query = diesel::sql_query(raw_query)
            .bind::<Array<Bytea>, _>(object_ids)
            .bind::<Array<BigInt>, _>(versions)
            .bind::<Array<Bytea>, _>(tx_digests);
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                query.clone().execute(conn)?;
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(elapsed, "Deleted {len} chunked objects");
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist object deletions with error: {e}");
        })
    }

    fn persist_checkpointed_objects_chunk(
        &self,
        objects: Vec<StoredCheckpointedObject>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        use diesel::upsert::excluded;

        let len = objects.len();
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for chunk in objects.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    on_conflict_do_update!(
                        checkpointed_objects::table,
                        chunk,
                        checkpointed_objects::object_id,
                        (
                            checkpointed_objects::object_version
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::object_version)),
                            checkpointed_objects::object_status
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::object_status)),
                            checkpointed_objects::object_digest
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::object_digest)),
                            checkpointed_objects::checkpoint_sequence_number
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::checkpoint_sequence_number)),
                            checkpointed_objects::owner_type
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::owner_type)),
                            checkpointed_objects::owner_id
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::owner_id)),
                            checkpointed_objects::object_type
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::object_type)),
                            checkpointed_objects::object_type_package
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::object_type_package)),
                            checkpointed_objects::object_type_module
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::object_type_module)),
                            checkpointed_objects::object_type_name
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::object_type_name)),
                            checkpointed_objects::serialized_object
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::serialized_object)),
                            checkpointed_objects::coin_type
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::coin_type)),
                            checkpointed_objects::coin_balance
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::coin_balance)),
                            checkpointed_objects::df_kind
                                .eq(excluded(checkpointed_objects::df_kind)),
                        ),
                        conn
                    );
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            info!("Persisted {len} checkpointed objects");
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist checkpointed objects: {e}");
        })
    }

    fn persist_object_mutation_chunk_in_existing_transaction(
        &self,
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        mutated_object_mutation_chunk: Vec<StoredObject>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        on_conflict_do_update_with_condition!(
            objects::table,
            mutated_object_mutation_chunk,
            objects::object_id,
            (
                objects::object_id.eq(excluded(objects::object_id)),
                objects::object_version.eq(excluded(objects::object_version)),
                objects::object_digest.eq(excluded(objects::object_digest)),
                objects::owner_type.eq(excluded(objects::owner_type)),
                objects::owner_id.eq(excluded(objects::owner_id)),
                objects::object_type.eq(excluded(objects::object_type)),
                objects::serialized_object.eq(excluded(objects::serialized_object)),
                objects::coin_type.eq(excluded(objects::coin_type)),
                objects::coin_balance.eq(excluded(objects::coin_balance)),
                objects::df_kind.eq(excluded(objects::df_kind)),
                objects::finalized_in_cp.eq(excluded(objects::finalized_in_cp)),
            ),
            excluded(objects::object_version).gt(objects::object_version),
            conn
        );
        Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
    }

    fn persist_object_deletion_chunk_in_existing_transaction(
        &self,
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        deleted_objects_chunk: Vec<StoredDeletedObject>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let (object_ids, object_versions): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = deleted_objects_chunk
            .iter()
            .map(|o| (o.object_id.clone(), o.object_version))
            .unzip();
        let raw_query = r#"
            DELETE FROM objects
            USING UNNEST($1::BYTEA[], $2::BIGINT[]) AS to_delete(object_id, object_version)
            WHERE objects.object_id = to_delete.object_id
            AND objects.object_version < to_delete.object_version
        "#;
        diesel::sql_query(raw_query)
            .bind::<Array<Bytea>, _>(object_ids)
            .bind::<Array<BigInt>, _>(object_versions)
            .execute(conn)
            .map_err(IndexerError::from)
            .context("Failed to write object deletion to PostgresDB")?;
        Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
    }

    fn persist_objects_backward_history_chunk(
        &self,
        stored: Vec<StoredBackwardHistoryObject>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        persist_chunk_into_table!(objects_backward_history::table, stored, &self.blocking_cp)
    }

    fn persist_object_version_chunk(
        &self,
        object_versions: Vec<StoredObjectVersion>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_objects_version_chunks
            .start_timer();

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for object_version_chunk in object_versions.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX)
                {
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(objects_version::table, object_version_chunk, conn);
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(
                elapsed,
                "Persisted {} chunked object versions",
                object_versions.len(),
            );
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist object versions with error: {e}");
        })
    }

    pub(crate) fn persist_chain_identifier(
        &self,
        chain_identifier: StoredChainIdentifier,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                insert_or_ignore_into!(chain_identifier::table, &chain_identifier, conn);
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    fn persist_checkpoints(&self, checkpoints: Vec<IndexedCheckpoint>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let Some(first_checkpoint) = checkpoints.first() else {
            return Ok(());
        };

        // If the first checkpoint has sequence number 0, we need to persist the digest
        // as chain identifier.
        if first_checkpoint.sequence_number == 0 {
            let checkpoint_digest = first_checkpoint.checkpoint_digest.into_inner().to_vec();
            self.persist_protocol_configs_and_feature_flags(checkpoint_digest.clone())?;
            self.persist_chain_identifier(StoredChainIdentifier { checkpoint_digest })?;
        }
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_checkpoints
            .start_timer();

        let stored_cp_txs = checkpoints.iter().map(StoredCpTx::from).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for stored_cp_tx_chunk in stored_cp_txs.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(pruner_cp_watermark::table, stored_cp_tx_chunk, conn);
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            info!(
                "Persisted {} pruner_cp_watermark rows.",
                stored_cp_txs.len(),
            );
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist pruner_cp_watermark with error: {e}");
        })?;

        let stored_checkpoints = checkpoints
            .iter()
            .map(StoredCheckpoint::from)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for stored_checkpoint_chunk in
                    stored_checkpoints.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX)
                {
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(checkpoints::table, stored_checkpoint_chunk, conn);
                    let time_now_ms = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp_millis();
                    for stored_checkpoint in stored_checkpoint_chunk {
                        self.metrics
                            .db_commit_lag_ms
                            .set(time_now_ms - stored_checkpoint.timestamp_ms);
                        self.metrics.max_committed_checkpoint_sequence_number.set(
                            stored_checkpoint.sequence_number,
                        );
                        self.metrics.committed_checkpoint_timestamp_ms.set(
                            stored_checkpoint.timestamp_ms,
                        );
                    }
                    for stored_checkpoint in stored_checkpoint_chunk {
                        info!("Indexer lag: persisted checkpoint {} with time now {} and checkpoint time {}", stored_checkpoint.sequence_number, time_now_ms, stored_checkpoint.timestamp_ms);
                    }
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(
                elapsed,
                "Persisted {} checkpoints",
                stored_checkpoints.len()
            );
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist checkpoints with error: {e}");
        })
    }

    fn persist_transactions_chunk(
        &self,
        transactions: Vec<IndexedTransaction>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_transactions_chunks
            .start_timer();
        let transformation_guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_transactions_chunks_transformation
            .start_timer();
        let transactions = transactions
            .iter()
            .map(StoredTransaction::from)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        drop(transformation_guard);

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for transaction_chunk in transactions.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(transactions::table, transaction_chunk, conn);
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(
                elapsed,
                "Persisted {} chunked transactions",
                transactions.len()
            );
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist transactions with error: {e}");
        })
    }

    fn persist_tx_global_order_chunk(
        &self,
        tx_order: Vec<TxGlobalOrder>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_tx_insertion_order_chunks
            .start_timer();

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for tx_order_chunk in tx_order.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    // Upsert: on conflict (row already inserted by optimistic path),
                    // set `chk_tx_sequence_number` so checkpoint data is available
                    // immediately.
                    on_conflict_do_update_with_condition!(
                        tx_global_order::table,
                        tx_order_chunk,
                        tx_global_order::tx_digest,
                        tx_global_order::chk_tx_sequence_number
                            .eq(excluded(tx_global_order::chk_tx_sequence_number)),
                        tx_global_order::chk_tx_sequence_number.is_null(),
                        conn
                    );
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(
                elapsed,
                "Persisted {} chunked txs insertion order",
                tx_order.len()
            );
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist txs insertion order with error: {e}");
        })
    }

    fn persist_events_chunk(&self, events: Vec<IndexedEvent>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_events_chunks
            .start_timer();
        let len = events.len();
        let events = events
            .into_iter()
            .map(StoredEvent::from)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for event_chunk in events.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(events::table, event_chunk, conn);
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(elapsed, "Persisted {} chunked events", len);
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to persist events with error: {e}");
        })
    }

    async fn persist_packages_in_chunks(
        &self,
        packages: Vec<StoredPackage>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let chunks = chunk!(packages, self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size);
        let persist_tasks = chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_packages(&c)));
        futures::future::try_join_all(persist_tasks)
            .await
            .inspect_err(|e| tracing::error!("failed to join persist_packages futures: {e}"))?
            .into_iter()
            .collect()
    }

    fn persist_packages(&self, packages: &[StoredPackage]) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for packages_chunk in packages.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    on_conflict_do_update!(
                        packages::table,
                        packages_chunk,
                        packages::package_id,
                        (
                            packages::package_id.eq(excluded(packages::package_id)),
                            packages::move_package.eq(excluded(packages::move_package)),
                        ),
                        conn
                    );
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    async fn persist_event_indices_chunk(
        &self,
        indices: Vec<EventIndex>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_event_indices_chunks
            .start_timer();
        let len = indices.len();
        let (
            event_emit_packages,
            event_emit_modules,
            event_senders,
            event_struct_packages,
            event_struct_modules,
            event_struct_names,
            event_struct_instantiations,
        ) = indices.into_iter().map(|i| i.split()).fold(
            (
                Vec::new(),
                Vec::new(),
                Vec::new(),
                Vec::new(),
                Vec::new(),
                Vec::new(),
                Vec::new(),
            ),
            |(
                mut event_emit_packages,
                mut event_emit_modules,
                mut event_senders,
                mut event_struct_packages,
                mut event_struct_modules,
                mut event_struct_names,
                mut event_struct_instantiations,
            ),
             index| {
                event_emit_packages.push(index.0);
                event_emit_modules.push(index.1);
                event_senders.push(index.2);
                event_struct_packages.push(index.3);
                event_struct_modules.push(index.4);
                event_struct_names.push(index.5);
                event_struct_instantiations.push(index.6);
                (
                    event_emit_packages,
                    event_emit_modules,
                    event_senders,
                    event_struct_packages,
                    event_struct_modules,
                    event_struct_names,
                    event_struct_instantiations,
                )
            },
        );

        // Now persist all the event indices in parallel into their tables.
        let mut futures = vec![];
        futures.push(self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
            persist_chunk_into_table!(
                event_emit_package::table,
                event_emit_packages,
                &this.blocking_cp
            )
        }));

        futures.push(self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
            persist_chunk_into_table!(
                event_emit_module::table,
                event_emit_modules,
                &this.blocking_cp
            )
        }));

        futures.push(self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
            persist_chunk_into_table!(event_senders::table, event_senders, &this.blocking_cp)
        }));

        futures.push(self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
            persist_chunk_into_table!(
                event_struct_package::table,
                event_struct_packages,
                &this.blocking_cp
            )
        }));

        futures.push(self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
            persist_chunk_into_table!(
                event_struct_module::table,
                event_struct_modules,
                &this.blocking_cp
            )
        }));

        futures.push(self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
            persist_chunk_into_table!(
                event_struct_name::table,
                event_struct_names,
                &this.blocking_cp
            )
        }));

        futures.push(self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
            persist_chunk_into_table!(
                event_struct_instantiation::table,
                event_struct_instantiations,
                &this.blocking_cp
            )
        }));

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join event indices futures in a chunk: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all event indices in a chunk: {e:?}"
                ))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {} chunked event indices", len);
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_tx_indices_chunk_v2(&self, indices: Vec<TxIndex>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_tx_indices_chunks
            .start_timer();
        let len = indices.len();

        let splits: Vec<TxIndexSplit> = indices.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();

        let senders: Vec<_> = splits.iter().flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_senders.clone()).collect();
        let recipients: Vec<_> = splits
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_recipients.clone())
            .collect();
        let input_objects: Vec<_> = splits
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_input_objects.clone())
            .collect();
        let changed_objects: Vec<_> = splits
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_changed_objects.clone())
            .collect();
        let wrapped_or_deleted_objects: Vec<_> = splits
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_wrapped_or_deleted_objects.clone())
            .collect();
        let pkgs: Vec<_> = splits.iter().flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_pkgs.clone()).collect();
        let mods: Vec<_> = splits.iter().flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_mods.clone()).collect();
        let funs: Vec<_> = splits.iter().flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_funs.clone()).collect();
        let digests: Vec<_> = splits.iter().flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_digests.clone()).collect();
        let kinds: Vec<_> = splits.iter().flat_map(|ix| ix.tx_kinds.clone()).collect();

        let futures = [
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_senders::table, senders, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_recipients::table, recipients, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_input_objects::table, input_objects, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(
                    tx_changed_objects::table,
                    changed_objects,
                    &this.blocking_cp
                )
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(
                    tx_wrapped_or_deleted_objects::table,
                    wrapped_or_deleted_objects,
                    &this.blocking_cp
                )
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_calls_pkg::table, pkgs, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_calls_mod::table, mods, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_calls_fun::table, funs, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_digests::table, digests, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| {
                persist_chunk_into_table!(tx_kinds::table, kinds, &this.blocking_cp)
            }),
        ];

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join tx indices futures in a chunk: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all tx indices in a chunk: {e:?}"
                ))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {} chunked tx_indices", len);
        Ok(())
    }

    pub(crate) fn persist_epochs(&self, epochs: Vec<EpochToCommit>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for epoch in &epochs {
                    if let Some(last_epoch) = &epoch.last_epoch {
                        info!(last_epoch.epoch, "Persisting epoch end data.");
                        diesel::update(epochs::table.filter(epochs::epoch.eq(last_epoch.epoch)))
                            .set(last_epoch)
                            .execute(conn)?;
                    }

                    info!(epoch.new_epoch.epoch, "Persisting epoch beginning info");
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(epochs::table, &epoch.new_epoch, conn);
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    fn persist_epoch(&self, epoch: EpochToCommit) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_epoch
            .start_timer();
        let epoch_id = epoch.new_epoch.epoch;

        self.persist_epochs(vec![epoch])
            .tap_ok(|_| {
                let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
                info!(elapsed, epoch_id, "Persisted epoch beginning info");
            })
            .tap_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to persist epoch with error: {e}");
            })
    }

    fn advance_epoch(&self, epoch_to_commit: EpochToCommit) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let last_epoch_id = epoch_to_commit.last_epoch.as_ref().map(|e| e.epoch);
        // partition_0 has been created, so no need to advance it.
        if let Some(last_epoch_id) = last_epoch_id {
            let last_db_epoch: Option<StoredEpochInfo> =
                read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
                    epochs::table
                        .filter(epochs::epoch.eq(last_epoch_id))
                        .first::<StoredEpochInfo>(conn)
                        .optional()
                })
                .context("Failed to read last epoch from PostgresDB")?;
            if let Some(last_epoch) = last_db_epoch {
                let epoch_partition_data =
                    EpochPartitionData::compose_data(epoch_to_commit, last_epoch);
                let table_partitions = self.partition_manager.get_table_partitions()?;
                for (table, (_, last_partition)) in table_partitions {
                    // Only advance epoch partition for epoch partitioned tables.
                    if !self
                        .partition_manager
                        .get_strategy(&table)
                        .is_epoch_partitioned()
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let guard = self.metrics.advance_epoch_latency.start_timer();
                    self.partition_manager.advance_epoch(
                        table.clone(),
                        last_partition,
                        &epoch_partition_data,
                    )?;
                    let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
                    info!(
                        elapsed,
                        "Advanced epoch partition {} for table {}",
                        last_partition,
                        table.clone()
                    );
                }
            } else {
                tracing::error!("last epoch: {last_epoch_id} from PostgresDB is None.");
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn prune_checkpoints_table_by_range(
        &self,
        min_cp: u64,
        max_cp: u64,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                diesel::delete(
                    checkpoints::table
                        .filter(checkpoints::sequence_number.between(min_cp as i64, max_cp as i64)),
                )
                .execute(conn)
                .map_err(IndexerError::from)
                .context("Failed to prune checkpoints table by range")?;

                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    /// Prunes tx_global_order table by transaction range using
    /// chk_tx_sequence_number
    fn prune_tx_global_order(
        &self,
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        min_tx: i64,
        max_tx: i64,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        diesel::delete(
            tx_global_order::table
                .filter(tx_global_order::chk_tx_sequence_number.between(min_tx, max_tx)),
        )
        .execute(conn)
        .map_err(IndexerError::from)
        .context("Failed to prune tx_global_order table")
        .map(|_| ())
    }

    /// Prunes a single transaction or event index table by transaction range
    fn prune_single_tx_or_event_table(
        &self,
        table: &crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable,
        min_tx: u64,
        max_tx: u64,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        use crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable;

        let (min_tx, max_tx) = (min_tx as i64, max_tx as i64);

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                match table {
                    // Event index tables
                    PrunableTable::EventEmitModule => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            event_emit_module,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune event_emit_module table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::EventEmitPackage => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            event_emit_package,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune event_emit_package table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::EventSenders => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            event_senders,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune event_senders table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::EventStructInstantiation => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            event_struct_instantiation,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune event_struct_instantiation table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::EventStructModule => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            event_struct_module,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune event_struct_module table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::EventStructName => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            event_struct_name,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune event_struct_name table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::EventStructPackage => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            event_struct_package,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune event_struct_package table"
                        );
                    }

                    // Transaction index tables
                    PrunableTable::TxSenders => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_senders,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_senders table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxRecipients => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_recipients,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_recipients table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxInputObjects => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_input_objects,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_input_objects table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxChangedObjects => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_changed_objects,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_changed_objects table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxWrappedOrDeletedObjects => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_wrapped_or_deleted_objects,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_wrapped_or_deleted_objects table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxCallsPkg => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_calls_pkg,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_calls_pkg table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxCallsMod => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_calls_mod,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_calls_mod table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxCallsFun => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_calls_fun,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_calls_fun table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxDigests => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_digests,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_digests table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxKinds => {
                        prune_tx_or_event_indice_table!(
                            tx_kinds,
                            conn,
                            min_tx,
                            max_tx,
                            "Failed to prune tx_kinds table"
                        );
                    }
                    PrunableTable::TxGlobalOrder => {
                        self.prune_tx_global_order(conn, min_tx, max_tx)?;
                    }
                    _ => {
                        return Err(IndexerError::InvalidArgument(format!(
                            "table {} is not a transaction or event index table",
                            table.as_ref()
                        )));
                    }
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    /// Prune optimistic_transactions table by global_sequence_number range.
    /// Prunes at most `limit` rows and returns the number of rows deleted.
    fn prune_optimistic_tx_by_global_seq(
        &self,
        start: u64,
        end: u64,
        limit: i64,
    ) -> Result<usize, IndexerError> {
        use diesel::prelude::*;

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                let sql = r#"
                    WITH ids_to_delete AS (
                         SELECT global_sequence_number, optimistic_sequence_number
                         FROM optimistic_transactions
                         WHERE global_sequence_number BETWEEN $1 AND $2
                         ORDER BY global_sequence_number, optimistic_sequence_number
                         FOR UPDATE
                         LIMIT $3
                     )
                     DELETE FROM optimistic_transactions otx
                     USING ids_to_delete
                     WHERE (otx.global_sequence_number, otx.optimistic_sequence_number) =
                           (ids_to_delete.global_sequence_number, ids_to_delete.optimistic_sequence_number)
                "#;
                diesel::sql_query(sql)
                    .bind::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt, _>(start as i64)
                    .bind::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt, _>(end as i64)
                    .bind::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt, _>(limit)
                    .execute(conn)
                    .map_err(IndexerError::from)
                    .context(
                        format!(
                            "failed to prune optimistic_transactions table by global_sequence_number range [{start}..={end}] with limit {limit}"
                        )
                        .as_str(),
                    )
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    fn prune_backward_history_by_checkpoint_with_limit(
        &self,
        start: u64,
        end: u64,
        limit: i64,
    ) -> Result<usize, IndexerError> {
        use diesel::prelude::*;

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                let sql = r#"
                    WITH to_delete AS (
                        SELECT superseded_at_checkpoint, object_id, object_version
                        FROM objects_backward_history
                        WHERE superseded_at_checkpoint BETWEEN $1 AND $2
                        ORDER BY superseded_at_checkpoint, object_id, object_version
                        FOR UPDATE
                        LIMIT $3
                    )
                    DELETE FROM objects_backward_history bh
                    USING to_delete
                    WHERE (bh.superseded_at_checkpoint, bh.object_id, bh.object_version) =
                          (to_delete.superseded_at_checkpoint, to_delete.object_id, to_delete.object_version)
                "#;
                diesel::sql_query(sql)
                    .bind::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt, _>(start as i64)
                    .bind::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt, _>(end as i64)
                    .bind::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt, _>(limit)
                    .execute(conn)
                    .map_err(IndexerError::from)
                    .context(
                        format!(
                            "failed to prune objects_backward_history by checkpoint range [{start}..={end}] with limit {limit}"
                        )
                        .as_str(),
                    )
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    fn prune_cp_tx_table_by_range(&self, min_cp: u64, max_cp: u64) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                diesel::delete(
                    pruner_cp_watermark::table.filter(
                        pruner_cp_watermark::checkpoint_sequence_number
                            .between(min_cp as i64, max_cp as i64),
                    ),
                )
                .execute(conn)
                .map_err(IndexerError::from)
                .context("Failed to prune pruner_cp_watermark table by range")?;
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    fn prune_table_by_checkpoint_range(
        &self,
        table: &crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable,
        min_checkpoint: u64,
        max_checkpoint: u64,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        use crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable;

        match table {
            PrunableTable::Checkpoints => {
                self.prune_checkpoints_table_by_range(min_checkpoint, max_checkpoint)
            }
            PrunableTable::PrunerCpWatermark => {
                self.prune_cp_tx_table_by_range(min_checkpoint, max_checkpoint)
            }
            _ => Err(IndexerError::InvalidArgument(format!(
                "table {} is not pruned by checkpoint",
                table.as_ref()
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn get_network_total_transactions_by_end_of_epoch(
        &self,
        epoch: u64,
    ) -> Result<Option<u64>, IndexerError> {
        read_only_blocking!(&self.blocking_cp, |conn| {
            epochs::table
                .filter(epochs::epoch.eq(epoch as i64))
                .select(epochs::network_total_transactions)
                .get_result::<Option<i64>>(conn)
        })
        .context(format!("failed to get network total transactions in epoch {epoch}").as_str())
        .map(|option| option.map(|v| v as u64))
    }

    fn refresh_participation_metrics(&self) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                diesel::sql_query("REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW participation_metrics")
                    .execute(conn)?;
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            info!("Successfully refreshed participation_metrics");
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("failed to refresh participation_metrics: {e}");
        })
    }

    fn update_watermarks_upper_bound<E: IntoEnumIterator>(
        &self,
        watermark: CommitterWatermark,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError>
    where
        E::Iterator: Iterator<Item: AsRef<str>>,
    {
        use diesel::query_dsl::methods::FilterDsl;

        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_watermarks
            .start_timer();

        let upper_bound_updates = E::iter()
            .map(|table| StoredWatermark::from_upper_bound_update(table.as_ref(), watermark))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                diesel::insert_into(watermarks::table)
                    .values(&upper_bound_updates)
                    .on_conflict(watermarks::entity)
                    .do_update()
                    .set((
                        watermarks::current_epoch.eq(excluded(watermarks::current_epoch)),
                        watermarks::max_committed_cp.eq(excluded(watermarks::max_committed_cp)),
                        watermarks::max_committed_tx.eq(excluded(watermarks::max_committed_tx)),
                    ))
                    .filter(excluded(watermarks::max_committed_cp).ge(watermarks::max_committed_cp))
                    .filter(excluded(watermarks::max_committed_tx).ge(watermarks::max_committed_tx))
                    .filter(excluded(watermarks::current_epoch).ge(watermarks::current_epoch))
                    .execute(conn)
                    .map_err(IndexerError::from)
                    .context("Failed to update watermarks upper bound")?;
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            info!(elapsed, "Persisted watermarks");
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("Failed to persist watermarks with error: {}", e);
        })
    }

    fn map_epochs_to_cp_tx(
        &self,
        epochs: &[u64],
    ) -> Result<HashMap<u64, (u64, u64)>, IndexerError> {
        let pool = &self.blocking_cp;
        let results: Vec<(i64, i64, i64)> = run_query!(pool, move |conn| {
            epochs::table
                .filter(epochs::epoch.eq_any(epochs.iter().map(|&e| e as i64)))
                .select((
                    epochs::epoch,
                    epochs::first_checkpoint_id,
                    epochs::first_tx_sequence_number,
                ))
                .load::<(i64, i64, i64)>(conn)
        })
        .context("Failed to fetch first checkpoint and tx seq num for epochs")?;

        Ok(results
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(epoch, checkpoint, tx)| (epoch as u64, (checkpoint as u64, tx as u64)))
            .collect())
    }

    fn update_watermarks_lower_bound<Table: AsRef<str>>(
        &self,
        watermarks: Vec<(Table, u64)>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        use diesel::query_dsl::methods::FilterDsl;

        let epochs: Vec<u64> = watermarks.iter().map(|(_table, epoch)| *epoch).collect();
        let epoch_mapping = self.map_epochs_to_cp_tx(&epochs)?;
        let lookups: Result<Vec<StoredWatermark>, IndexerError> = watermarks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(table, epoch)| {
                let (checkpoint, tx) = epoch_mapping.get(&epoch).ok_or_else(|| {
                    IndexerError::PersistentStorageDataCorruption(format!(
                        "epoch {epoch} not found in epoch mapping",
                    ))
                })?;
                Ok(StoredWatermark::from_lower_bound_update(
                    table.as_ref(),
                    epoch,
                    *checkpoint,
                    *tx,
                ))
            })
            .collect();
        let lower_bound_updates = lookups?;
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_watermarks
            .start_timer();
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                diesel::insert_into(watermarks::table)
                    .values(&lower_bound_updates)
                    .on_conflict(watermarks::entity)
                    .do_update()
                    .set((
                        watermarks::min_available_cp.eq(excluded(watermarks::min_available_cp)),
                        watermarks::min_available_tx.eq(excluded(watermarks::min_available_tx)),
                        watermarks::min_available_epoch
                            .eq(excluded(watermarks::min_available_epoch)),
                        watermarks::min_bounds_updated_at_timestamp_ms.eq(sql::<
                            diesel::sql_types::BigInt,
                        >(
                            "(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) * 1000)::bigint",
                        )),
                    ))
                    .filter(excluded(watermarks::min_available_cp).gt(watermarks::min_available_cp))
                    .filter(excluded(watermarks::min_available_tx).gt(watermarks::min_available_tx))
                    .filter(
                        excluded(watermarks::min_available_epoch)
                            .gt(watermarks::min_available_epoch),
                    )
                    .filter(
                        diesel::dsl::sql::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt>(
                            "(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) * 1000)::bigint",
                        )
                        .gt(watermarks::min_bounds_updated_at_timestamp_ms),
                    )
                    .execute(conn)
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
        .tap_ok(|_| {
            let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            tracing::info!(elapsed, "Persisted watermarks lower bounds");
        })
        .tap_err(|e| {
            tracing::error!("Failed to persist watermarks with error: {}", e);
        })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn get_watermarks(&self) -> Result<(Vec<StoredWatermark>, i64), IndexerError> {
        // read_only transaction, otherwise this will block and get blocked by write
        // transactions to the same table.
        run_query_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                let stored = watermarks::table
                    .load::<StoredWatermark>(conn)
                    .map_err(Into::into)
                    .context("Failed reading watermarks from PostgresDB")?;
                let timestamp = diesel::select(diesel::dsl::sql::<diesel::sql_types::BigInt>(
                    "(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP) * 1000)::bigint",
                ))
                .get_result(conn)
                .map_err(Into::into)
                .context("Failed reading current timestamp from PostgresDB")?;
                Ok::<_, IndexerError>((stored, timestamp))
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    fn update_watermark_lowest_unpruned_keys<Table: AsRef<str>>(
        &self,
        unpruned_keys: &[(Table, u64)],
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for (table, lowest_unpruned_key) in unpruned_keys {
                    diesel::update(watermarks::table.filter(watermarks::entity.eq(table.as_ref())))
                        .set(watermarks::lowest_unpruned_key.eq(*lowest_unpruned_key as i64))
                        .execute(conn)
                        .map_err(IndexerError::from)
                        .context("failed to update watermark lowest_unpruned_key")?;
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    fn get_watermark_by_entity(
        &self,
        entity: &str,
    ) -> Result<Option<StoredWatermark>, IndexerError> {
        run_query_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                watermarks::table
                    .filter(watermarks::entity.eq(entity))
                    .first::<StoredWatermark>(conn)
                    .optional()
                    .map_err(Into::into)
                    .context("failed reading watermark by entity from PostgresDB")
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )
    }

    pub(crate) async fn execute_in_blocking_worker<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> Result<R, IndexerError>
    where
        F: FnOnce(Self) -> Result<R, IndexerError> + Send + 'static,
        R: Send + 'static,
    {
        let this = self.clone();
        let current_span = tracing::Span::current();
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            mark_in_blocking_pool();
            let _guard = current_span.enter();
            f(this)
        })
        .await
        .map_err(Into::into)
        .and_then(std::convert::identity)
    }

    pub(crate) fn spawn_blocking_task<F, R>(
        &self,
        f: F,
    ) -> tokio::task::JoinHandle<std::result::Result<R, IndexerError>>
    where
        F: FnOnce(Self) -> Result<R, IndexerError> + Send + 'static,
        R: Send + 'static,
    {
        let this = self.clone();
        let current_span = tracing::Span::current();
        let guard = self.metrics.tokio_blocking_task_wait_latency.start_timer();
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            mark_in_blocking_pool();
            let _guard = current_span.enter();
            let _elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
            f(this)
        })
    }

    fn spawn_task<F, Fut, R>(&self, f: F) -> tokio::task::JoinHandle<Result<R, IndexerError>>
    where
        F: FnOnce(Self) -> Fut + Send + 'static,
        Fut: std::future::Future<Output = Result<R, IndexerError>> + Send + 'static,
        R: Send + 'static,
    {
        let this = self.clone();
        tokio::task::spawn(async move { f(this).await })
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl IndexerStore for PgIndexerStore {
    async fn get_latest_checkpoint_sequence_number(&self) -> Result<Option<u64>, IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(|this| this.get_latest_checkpoint_sequence_number())
            .await
    }

    async fn get_available_epoch_range(&self) -> Result<(u64, u64), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(|this| this.get_prunable_epoch_range())
            .await
    }

    async fn get_available_checkpoint_range(&self) -> Result<(u64, u64), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(|this| this.get_available_checkpoint_range())
            .await
    }

    async fn get_chain_identifier(&self) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(|this| this.get_chain_identifier())
            .await
    }

    fn persist_objects_in_existing_transaction(
        &self,
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        object_changes: Vec<TransactionObjectChangesToCommit>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if object_changes.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let (indexed_mutations, indexed_deletions) = retain_latest_indexed_objects(object_changes);
        let object_mutations = indexed_mutations
            .into_iter()
            .map(StoredObject::from)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let object_deletions = indexed_deletions
            .into_iter()
            .map(StoredDeletedObject::from)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        self.persist_object_mutation_chunk_in_existing_transaction(conn, object_mutations)?;
        self.persist_object_deletion_chunk_in_existing_transaction(conn, object_deletions)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_object_versions(
        &self,
        object_versions: Vec<StoredObjectVersion>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if object_versions.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_objects_version
            .start_timer();

        let object_versions_count = object_versions.len();

        let chunks = chunk!(object_versions, self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size);
        let futures = chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_object_version_chunk(c)))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join persist_object_version_chunk futures: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all objects version chunks: {e:?}"
                ))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {object_versions_count} object versions");
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_checkpoints(
        &self,
        checkpoints: Vec<IndexedCheckpoint>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.persist_checkpoints(checkpoints))
            .await
    }

    async fn persist_transactions(
        &self,
        transactions: Vec<IndexedTransaction>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_transactions
            .start_timer();
        let len = transactions.len();

        let chunks = chunk!(transactions, self.config.parallel_chunk_size);
        let futures = chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_transactions_chunk(c)));

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join persist_transactions_chunk futures: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all transactions chunks: {e:?}"
                ))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {} transactions", len);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn persist_optimistic_transaction_in_existing_transaction(
        &self,
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        transaction: OptimisticTransaction,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        insert_or_ignore_into!(optimistic_transactions::table, &transaction, conn);
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_events(&self, events: Vec<IndexedEvent>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if events.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let len = events.len();
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_events
            .start_timer();
        let chunks = chunk!(events, self.config.parallel_chunk_size);
        let futures = chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_events_chunk(c)));

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join persist_events_chunk futures: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!("Failed to persist all events chunks: {e:?}"))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {} events", len);
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_displays(&self, displays: Vec<StoredDisplay>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if displays.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        if displays.len() < self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size {
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_displays_chunk(displays))
                .await??;
            return Ok(());
        }
        let chunks = chunk!(displays, self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size);
        let persist_tasks = chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_displays_chunk(c)));
        futures::future::try_join_all(persist_tasks)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join futures for persisting displays: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(
                    format!("Failed to persist all displays chunks: {e:?}",),
                )
            })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn persist_displays_chunk_in_existing_transaction(
        &self,
        conn: &mut PgConnection,
        displays: &[StoredDisplay],
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if displays.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        on_conflict_do_update_with_condition!(
            display::table,
            displays,
            display::object_type,
            (
                display::id.eq(excluded(display::id)),
                display::version.eq(excluded(display::version)),
                display::bcs.eq(excluded(display::bcs)),
                display::bcs_kind.eq(excluded(display::bcs_kind)),
            ),
            excluded(display::version).gt(display::version),
            conn
        );

        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_packages(&self, packages: Vec<StoredPackage>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if packages.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let len = packages.len();
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_packages
            .start_timer();
        let persist_result = if len <= self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size {
            self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.persist_packages(&packages))
                .await
        } else {
            self.persist_packages_in_chunks(packages)
                .await
                .map_err(|e| {
                    IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                        "Failed to persist all packages chunks: {e:?}"
                    ))
                })
        };
        persist_result
            .tap_ok(|_| {
                let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
                info!(elapsed, "Persisted {len} packages");
            })
            .tap_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to persist packages with error: {e}");
            })
    }

    async fn persist_event_indices(&self, indices: Vec<EventIndex>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if indices.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let len = indices.len();
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_event_indices
            .start_timer();
        let chunks = chunk!(indices, self.config.parallel_chunk_size);

        let futures = chunks.into_iter().map(|chunk| {
            self.spawn_task(move |this: Self| async move {
                this.persist_event_indices_chunk(chunk).await
            })
        });

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join persist_event_indices_chunk futures: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all event_indices chunks: {e:?}"
                ))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {} event_indices chunks", len);
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_epoch(&self, epoch: EpochToCommit) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.persist_epoch(epoch))
            .await
    }

    async fn advance_epoch(&self, epoch: EpochToCommit) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.advance_epoch(epoch))
            .await
    }

    async fn get_network_total_transactions_by_end_of_epoch(
        &self,
        epoch: u64,
    ) -> Result<Option<u64>, IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| {
            this.get_network_total_transactions_by_end_of_epoch(epoch)
        })
        .await
    }

    async fn refresh_participation_metrics(&self) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.refresh_participation_metrics())
            .await
    }

    async fn update_watermarks_upper_bound<E: IntoEnumIterator>(
        &self,
        watermark: CommitterWatermark,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError>
    where
        E::Iterator: Iterator<Item: AsRef<str>>,
    {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| {
            this.update_watermarks_upper_bound::<E>(watermark)
        })
        .await
    }

    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn StdAny {
        self
    }

    /// Persist protocol configs and feature flags until the protocol version
    /// for the latest epoch we have stored in the db, inclusive.
    fn persist_protocol_configs_and_feature_flags(
        &self,
        chain_id: Vec<u8>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let chain_id = ChainIdentifier::from(
            CheckpointDigest::from_bytes(chain_id).expect("unable to convert chain id"),
        );

        let mut all_configs = vec![];
        let mut all_flags = vec![];

        let (start_version, end_version) = self.get_protocol_version_index_range()?;
        info!(
            "Persisting protocol configs with start_version: {}, end_version: {}",
            start_version, end_version
        );

        // Gather all protocol configs and feature flags for all versions between start
        // and end.
        for version in start_version..=end_version {
            let protocol_configs = ProtocolConfig::get_for_version_if_supported(
                (version as u64).into(),
                chain_id.chain(),
            )
            .ok_or(IndexerError::Generic(format!(
                "Unable to fetch protocol version {} and chain {:?}",
                version,
                chain_id.chain()
            )))?;
            let configs_vec = protocol_configs
                .attr_map()
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(k, v)| StoredProtocolConfig {
                    protocol_version: version,
                    config_name: k,
                    config_value: v.map(|v| v.to_string()),
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            all_configs.extend(configs_vec);

            let feature_flags = protocol_configs
                .feature_map()
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(k, v)| StoredFeatureFlag {
                    protocol_version: version,
                    flag_name: k,
                    flag_value: v,
                })
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            all_flags.extend(feature_flags);
        }

        transactional_blocking_with_retry!(
            &self.blocking_cp,
            |conn| {
                for config_chunk in all_configs.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(protocol_configs::table, config_chunk, conn);
                }
                for flag_chunk in all_flags.chunks(PG_COMMIT_CHUNK_SIZE_INTRA_DB_TX) {
                    insert_or_ignore_into!(feature_flags::table, flag_chunk, conn);
                }
                Ok::<(), IndexerError>(())
            },
            PG_DB_COMMIT_SLEEP_DURATION
        )?;
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_tx_indices(&self, indices: Vec<TxIndex>) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if indices.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let len = indices.len();
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_tx_indices
            .start_timer();
        let chunks = chunk!(indices, self.config.parallel_chunk_size);

        let futures = chunks.into_iter().map(|chunk| {
            self.spawn_task(move |this: Self| async move {
                this.persist_tx_indices_chunk_v2(chunk).await
            })
        });
        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join persist_tx_indices_chunk futures: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all tx_indices chunks: {e:?}"
                ))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {} tx_indices chunks", len);
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_objects(
        &self,
        objects: Vec<CheckpointObjectChanges>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if objects.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_objects
            .start_timer();
        let CheckpointObjectChanges {
            changed_objects: mutations,
            deleted_objects: deletions,
        } = retain_latest_objects_from_checkpoint_batch(objects);
        let mutation_len = mutations.len();
        let deletion_len = deletions.len();

        let mutation_chunks = chunk!(mutations, self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size);
        let deletion_chunks = chunk!(deletions, self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size);
        let mutation_futures = mutation_chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_live_objects(c)));
        let deletion_futures = deletion_chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_removed_objects(c)));
        futures::future::try_join_all(mutation_futures.chain(deletion_futures))
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join futures for persisting objects: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!("Failed to persist all object chunks: {e:?}",))
            })?;

        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(
            elapsed,
            "Persisted objects with {mutation_len} mutations and {deletion_len} deletions",
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_object_backward_history(
        &self,
        objects: Vec<StoredBackwardHistoryObject>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if objects.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let len = objects.len();
        let chunks = chunk!(objects, self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size);
        let futures = chunks.into_iter().map(|c| {
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_objects_backward_history_chunk(c))
        });

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!(
                    "failed to join persist_objects_backward_history_chunk futures: {e}"
                );
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all objects backward history chunks: {e:?}"
                ))
            })?;
        info!("Persisted {} objects backward history", len);
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_checkpointed_objects(
        &self,
        objects: Vec<CheckpointObjectChanges>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        if objects.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let CheckpointObjectChanges {
            changed_objects: mutations,
            deleted_objects: deletions,
        } = retain_latest_objects_from_checkpoint_batch(objects);
        let mutation_len = mutations.len();
        let deletion_len = deletions.len();

        let checkpointed_objects: Vec<StoredCheckpointedObject> = mutations
            .into_iter()
            .map(|live| {
                let (indexed, _tx_digest) = live.split();
                StoredCheckpointedObject::try_from(indexed)
            })
            .chain(
                deletions
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|removed| Ok(StoredCheckpointedObject::from(removed.indexed_object))),
            )
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, IndexerError>>()?;

        let len = checkpointed_objects.len();
        let chunks = chunk!(
            checkpointed_objects,
            self.config.parallel_objects_chunk_size
        );
        let futures = chunks.into_iter().map(|c| {
            self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_checkpointed_objects_chunk(c))
        });
        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join futures for persisting checkpointed objects: {e}");
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all checkpointed object chunks: {e:?}",
                ))
            })?;

        info!(
            "Persisted {len} checkpointed objects ({mutation_len} mutations, {deletion_len} deletions)",
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn persist_tx_global_order(
        &self,
        tx_order: Vec<TxGlobalOrder>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let guard = self
            .metrics
            .checkpoint_db_commit_latency_tx_insertion_order
            .start_timer();
        let len = tx_order.len();

        let chunks = chunk!(tx_order, self.config.parallel_chunk_size);
        let futures = chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|c| self.spawn_blocking_task(move |this| this.persist_tx_global_order_chunk(c)));

        futures::future::try_join_all(futures)
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                tracing::error!("failed to join persist_tx_global_order_chunk futures: {e}",);
                IndexerError::from(e)
            })?
            .into_iter()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .map_err(|e| {
                IndexerError::PostgresWrite(format!(
                    "Failed to persist all txs insertion order chunks: {e:?}",
                ))
            })?;
        let elapsed = guard.stop_and_record();
        info!(elapsed, "Persisted {len} txs insertion orders");
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn update_watermarks_lower_bound<Table: AsRef<str> + Send + 'static>(
        &self,
        watermarks: Vec<(Table, u64)>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.update_watermarks_lower_bound(watermarks))
            .await
    }

    async fn get_watermarks(&self) -> Result<(Vec<StoredWatermark>, i64), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.get_watermarks())
            .await
    }

    async fn prune_table_by_checkpoint_range(
        &self,
        table: &crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable,
        min_checkpoint: u64,
        max_checkpoint: u64,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let table_clone = *table;
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| {
            this.prune_table_by_checkpoint_range(&table_clone, min_checkpoint, max_checkpoint)
        })
        .await
    }

    async fn prune_table_by_tx_range(
        &self,
        table: &crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable,
        min_tx: u64,
        max_tx: u64,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        let table_clone = *table;
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| {
            this.prune_single_tx_or_event_table(&table_clone, min_tx, max_tx)
        })
        .await
    }

    async fn prune_table_by_global_seq_with_limit(
        &self,
        table: &crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable,
        start: u64,
        end: u64,
        limit: i64,
    ) -> Result<usize, IndexerError> {
        use crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable;

        if !matches!(table, PrunableTable::OptimisticTransactions) {
            return Err(IndexerError::InvalidArgument(format!(
                "table {} does not support pruning by global order with limit",
                table.as_ref()
            )));
        }

        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| {
            this.prune_optimistic_tx_by_global_seq(start, end, limit)
        })
        .await
    }

    async fn prune_table_by_checkpoint_with_limit(
        &self,
        table: &crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable,
        start: u64,
        end: u64,
        limit: i64,
    ) -> Result<usize, IndexerError> {
        use crate::pruning::pruner::PrunableTable;

        if !matches!(table, PrunableTable::ObjectsBackwardHistory) {
            return Err(IndexerError::InvalidArgument(format!(
                "table {} does not support pruning by checkpoint with limit",
                table.as_ref()
            )));
        }

        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| {
            this.prune_backward_history_by_checkpoint_with_limit(start, end, limit)
        })
        .await
    }

    async fn update_watermark_lowest_unpruned_key(
        &self,
        table: &PrunableTable,
        lowest_unpruned_key: u64,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        <Self as IndexerStore>::update_watermarks_lowest_unpruned_key(
            &self,
            vec![(*table, lowest_unpruned_key)],
        )
        .await
    }

    async fn update_watermarks_lowest_unpruned_key<Table: AsRef<str> + Send + 'static>(
        &self,
        unpruned_keys: Vec<(Table, u64)>,
    ) -> Result<(), IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| {
            this.update_watermark_lowest_unpruned_keys(&unpruned_keys)
        })
        .await
    }

    async fn get_watermark_by_entity(
        &self,
        entity: String,
    ) -> Result<Option<StoredWatermark>, IndexerError> {
        self.execute_in_blocking_worker(move |this| this.get_watermark_by_entity(&entity))
            .await
    }
}

/// Partitions object changes into deletions and mutations.
///
/// Retains only the highest version of each object among deletions and
/// mutations. This allows concurrent insertion into the DB of the resulting
/// partitions.
fn retain_latest_indexed_objects(
    tx_object_changes: Vec<TransactionObjectChangesToCommit>,
) -> (Vec<IndexedObject>, Vec<IndexedDeletedObject>) {
    use std::collections::HashMap;

    let mut mutations = HashMap::<ObjectId, IndexedObject>::new();
    let mut deletions = HashMap::<ObjectId, IndexedDeletedObject>::new();

    for change in tx_object_changes {
        // Remove mutation / deletion with a following deletion / mutation,
        // as we expect that following deletion / mutation has a higher version.
        // Technically, assertions below are not required, double check just in case.
        for mutation in change.changed_objects {
            let id = mutation.object.id();
            let version = mutation.object.version();

            if let Some(existing) = deletions.remove(&id) {
                assert!(
                    existing.object_version < version,
                    "mutation version ({version}) should be greater than existing deletion version ({}) for object {id}",
                    existing.object_version
                );
            }

            if let Some(existing) = mutations.insert(id, mutation) {
                assert!(
                    existing.object.version() < version,
                    "mutation version ({version}) should be greater than existing mutation version ({}) for object {id}",
                    existing.object.version()
                );
            }
        }
        // Handle deleted objects
        for deletion in change.deleted_objects {
            let id = deletion.object_id;
            let version = deletion.object_version;

            if let Some(existing) = mutations.remove(&id) {
                assert!(
                    existing.object.version() < version,
                    "deletion version ({version}) should be greater than existing mutation version ({}) for object {id}",
                    existing.object.version(),
                );
            }

            if let Some(existing) = deletions.insert(id, deletion) {
                assert!(
                    existing.object_version < version,
                    "deletion version ({version}) should be greater than existing deletion version ({}) for object {id}",
                    existing.object_version
                );
            }
        }
    }

    (
        mutations.into_values().collect(),
        deletions.into_values().collect(),
    )
}