iota_types/

base_types.rs

// Copyright (c) 2021, Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates
// Copyright (c) Mysten Labs, Inc.
// Modifications Copyright (c) 2024 IOTA Stiftung
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

use std::{
    cmp::max,
    convert::{TryFrom, TryInto},
    fmt,
    str::FromStr,
};

use anyhow::{anyhow, bail};
use fastcrypto::{
    encoding::{Encoding, Hex, decode_bytes_hex},
    hash::HashFunction,
    traits::AllowedRng,
};
use fastcrypto_zkp::bn254::zk_login::ZkLoginInputs;
use move_binary_format::{CompiledModule, file_format::SignatureToken};
use move_bytecode_utils::resolve_struct;
use move_core_types::{
    account_address::AccountAddress,
    annotated_value as A, ident_str,
    identifier::IdentStr,
    language_storage::{ModuleId, StructTag, TypeTag},
};
use rand::Rng;
use schemars::JsonSchema;
use serde::{
    Deserialize, Serialize, Serializer,
    ser::{Error, SerializeSeq},
};
use serde_with::serde_as;
use shared_crypto::intent::HashingIntentScope;

use crate::{
    IOTA_CLOCK_OBJECT_ID, IOTA_FRAMEWORK_ADDRESS, IOTA_SYSTEM_ADDRESS, MOVE_STDLIB_ADDRESS,
    balance::Balance,
    coin::{COIN_MODULE_NAME, COIN_STRUCT_NAME, Coin, CoinMetadata, TreasuryCap},
    coin_manager::CoinManager,
    crypto::{
        AuthorityPublicKeyBytes, DefaultHash, IotaPublicKey, IotaSignature, PublicKey,
        SignatureScheme,
    },
    dynamic_field::{DynamicFieldInfo, DynamicFieldType},
    effects::{TransactionEffects, TransactionEffectsAPI},
    epoch_data::EpochData,
    error::{ExecutionError, ExecutionErrorKind, IotaError, IotaResult},
    gas_coin::{GAS, GasCoin},
    governance::{STAKED_IOTA_STRUCT_NAME, STAKING_POOL_MODULE_NAME, StakedIota},
    id::RESOLVED_IOTA_ID,
    iota_serde::{HexAccountAddress, Readable, to_iota_struct_tag_string},
    messages_checkpoint::CheckpointTimestamp,
    multisig::MultiSigPublicKey,
    object::{Object, Owner},
    parse_iota_struct_tag,
    signature::GenericSignature,
    stardust::output::{AliasOutput, BasicOutput, Nft, NftOutput},
    timelock::{
        timelock::{self, TimeLock},
        timelocked_staked_iota::TimelockedStakedIota,
    },
    transaction::{Transaction, VerifiedTransaction},
    zk_login_authenticator::ZkLoginAuthenticator,
};
pub use crate::{
    committee::EpochId,
    digests::{ObjectDigest, TransactionDigest, TransactionEffectsDigest},
};

#[cfg(test)]
#[path = "unit_tests/base_types_tests.rs"]
mod base_types_tests;

#[derive(
    Eq,
    PartialEq,
    Ord,
    PartialOrd,
    Copy,
    Clone,
    Hash,
    Default,
    Debug,
    Serialize,
    Deserialize,
    JsonSchema,
)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "fuzzing", derive(proptest_derive::Arbitrary))]
pub struct SequenceNumber(u64);

impl SequenceNumber {
    pub fn one_before(&self) -> Option<SequenceNumber> {
        if self.0 == 0 {
            None
        } else {
            Some(SequenceNumber(self.0 - 1))
        }
    }

    pub fn next(&self) -> SequenceNumber {
        SequenceNumber(self.0 + 1)
    }
}

pub type TxSequenceNumber = u64;

impl fmt::Display for SequenceNumber {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{:#x}", self.0)
    }
}

pub type VersionNumber = SequenceNumber;

/// The round number.
pub type CommitRound = u64;

#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Clone, Hash, Default, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct UserData(pub Option<[u8; 32]>);

pub type AuthorityName = AuthorityPublicKeyBytes;

pub trait ConciseableName<'a> {
    type ConciseTypeRef: std::fmt::Debug;
    type ConciseType: std::fmt::Debug;

    fn concise(&'a self) -> Self::ConciseTypeRef;
    fn concise_owned(&self) -> Self::ConciseType;
}

#[serde_as]
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
pub struct ObjectID(
    #[schemars(with = "Hex")]
    #[serde_as(as = "Readable<HexAccountAddress, _>")]
    AccountAddress,
);

pub type VersionDigest = (SequenceNumber, ObjectDigest);

pub type ObjectRef = (ObjectID, SequenceNumber, ObjectDigest);

pub fn random_object_ref() -> ObjectRef {
    (
        ObjectID::random(),
        SequenceNumber::new(),
        ObjectDigest::new([0; 32]),
    )
}

pub fn update_object_ref_for_testing(object_ref: ObjectRef) -> ObjectRef {
    (
        object_ref.0,
        object_ref.1.next(),
        ObjectDigest::new([0; 32]),
    )
}

/// Wrapper around StructTag with a space-efficient representation for common
/// types like coins The StructTag for a gas coin is 84 bytes, so using 1 byte
/// instead is a win. The inner representation is private to prevent incorrectly
/// constructing an `Other` instead of one of the specialized variants, e.g.
/// `Other(GasCoin::type_())` instead of `GasCoin`
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Hash)]
pub struct MoveObjectType(MoveObjectType_);

/// Even though it is declared public, it is the "private", internal
/// representation for `MoveObjectType`
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord, Debug, Clone, Deserialize, Serialize, Hash)]
pub enum MoveObjectType_ {
    /// A type that is not `0x2::coin::Coin<T>`
    Other(StructTag),
    /// An IOTA coin (i.e., `0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::iota::IOTA>`)
    GasCoin,
    /// A record of a staked IOTA coin (i.e., `0x3::staking_pool::StakedIota`)
    StakedIota,
    /// A non-IOTA coin type (i.e., `0x2::coin::Coin<T> where T !=
    /// 0x2::iota::IOTA`)
    Coin(TypeTag),
    // NOTE: if adding a new type here, and there are existing on-chain objects of that
    // type with Other(_), that is ok, but you must hand-roll PartialEq/Eq/Ord/maybe Hash
    // to make sure the new type and Other(_) are interpreted consistently.
}

impl MoveObjectType {
    pub fn gas_coin() -> Self {
        Self(MoveObjectType_::GasCoin)
    }

    pub fn coin(coin_type: TypeTag) -> Self {
        Self(if GAS::is_gas_type(&coin_type) {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin
        } else {
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(coin_type)
        })
    }

    pub fn staked_iota() -> Self {
        Self(MoveObjectType_::StakedIota)
    }

    pub fn timelocked_iota_balance() -> Self {
        Self(MoveObjectType_::Other(TimeLock::<Balance>::type_(
            Balance::type_(GAS::type_().into()).into(),
        )))
    }

    pub fn timelocked_staked_iota() -> Self {
        Self(MoveObjectType_::Other(TimelockedStakedIota::type_()))
    }

    pub fn stardust_nft() -> Self {
        Self(MoveObjectType_::Other(Nft::tag()))
    }

    pub fn address(&self) -> AccountAddress {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => IOTA_FRAMEWORK_ADDRESS,
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => IOTA_SYSTEM_ADDRESS,
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => s.address,
        }
    }

    pub fn module(&self) -> &IdentStr {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => COIN_MODULE_NAME,
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => STAKING_POOL_MODULE_NAME,
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => &s.module,
        }
    }

    pub fn name(&self) -> &IdentStr {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => COIN_STRUCT_NAME,
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => STAKED_IOTA_STRUCT_NAME,
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => &s.name,
        }
    }

    pub fn type_params(&self) -> Vec<TypeTag> {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => vec![GAS::type_tag()],
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => vec![],
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(inner) => vec![inner.clone()],
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => s.type_params.clone(),
        }
    }

    pub fn into_type_params(self) -> Vec<TypeTag> {
        match self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => vec![GAS::type_tag()],
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => vec![],
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(inner) => vec![inner],
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => s.type_params,
        }
    }

    pub fn coin_type_maybe(&self) -> Option<TypeTag> {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => Some(GAS::type_tag()),
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(inner) => Some(inner.clone()),
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => None,
            MoveObjectType_::Other(_) => None,
        }
    }

    pub fn module_id(&self) -> ModuleId {
        ModuleId::new(self.address(), self.module().to_owned())
    }

    pub fn size_for_gas_metering(&self) -> usize {
        // unwraps safe because a `StructTag` cannot fail to serialize
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => 1,
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => 1,
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(inner) => bcs::serialized_size(inner).unwrap() + 1,
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => bcs::serialized_size(s).unwrap() + 1,
        }
    }

    /// Return true if `self` is `0x2::coin::Coin<T>` for some T (note: T can be
    /// IOTA)
    pub fn is_coin(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => true,
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Other(_) => false,
        }
    }

    /// Return true if `self` is 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::iota::IOTA>
    pub fn is_gas_coin(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => true,
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) | MoveObjectType_::Other(_) => {
                false
            }
        }
    }

    /// Return true if `self` is `0x2::coin::Coin<t>`
    pub fn is_coin_t(&self, t: &TypeTag) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => GAS::is_gas_type(t),
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(c) => t == c,
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Other(_) => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn is_staked_iota(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => true,
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) | MoveObjectType_::Other(_) => {
                false
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn is_coin_metadata(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => CoinMetadata::is_coin_metadata(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_coin_manager(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(&self.0, MoveObjectType_::Other(struct_tag) if CoinManager::is_coin_manager(struct_tag))
    }

    pub fn is_treasury_cap(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => TreasuryCap::is_treasury_type(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_upgrade_cap(&self) -> bool {
        self.address() == IOTA_FRAMEWORK_ADDRESS
            && self.module().as_str() == "package"
            && self.name().as_str() == "UpgradeCap"
    }

    pub fn is_regulated_coin_metadata(&self) -> bool {
        self.address() == IOTA_FRAMEWORK_ADDRESS
            && self.module().as_str() == "coin"
            && self.name().as_str() == "RegulatedCoinMetadata"
    }

    pub fn is_coin_deny_cap_v1(&self) -> bool {
        self.address() == IOTA_FRAMEWORK_ADDRESS
            && self.module().as_str() == "coin"
            && self.name().as_str() == "DenyCapV1"
    }

    pub fn is_dynamic_field(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => DynamicFieldInfo::is_dynamic_field(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_timelock(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => timelock::is_timelock(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_timelocked_balance(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => timelock::is_timelocked_balance(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_timelocked_staked_iota(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => TimelockedStakedIota::is_timelocked_staked_iota(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_alias_output(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => AliasOutput::is_alias_output(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_basic_output(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => BasicOutput::is_basic_output(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_nft_output(&self) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                false
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => NftOutput::is_nft_output(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn try_extract_field_name(&self, type_: &DynamicFieldType) -> IotaResult<TypeTag> {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                Err(IotaError::ObjectDeserialization {
                    error: "Error extracting dynamic object name from Coin object".to_string(),
                })
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => DynamicFieldInfo::try_extract_field_name(s, type_),
        }
    }

    pub fn try_extract_field_value(&self) -> IotaResult<TypeTag> {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin | MoveObjectType_::StakedIota | MoveObjectType_::Coin(_) => {
                Err(IotaError::ObjectDeserialization {
                    error: "Error extracting dynamic object value from Coin object".to_string(),
                })
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => DynamicFieldInfo::try_extract_field_value(s),
        }
    }

    pub fn is(&self, s: &StructTag) -> bool {
        match &self.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => GasCoin::is_gas_coin(s),
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => StakedIota::is_staked_iota(s),
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(inner) => {
                Coin::is_coin(s) && s.type_params.len() == 1 && inner == &s.type_params[0]
            }
            MoveObjectType_::Other(o) => s == o,
        }
    }

    pub fn other(&self) -> Option<&StructTag> {
        if let MoveObjectType_::Other(s) = &self.0 {
            Some(s)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Returns the string representation of this object's type using the
    /// canonical display.
    pub fn to_canonical_string(&self, with_prefix: bool) -> String {
        StructTag::from(self.clone()).to_canonical_string(with_prefix)
    }
}

impl From<StructTag> for MoveObjectType {
    fn from(mut s: StructTag) -> Self {
        Self(if GasCoin::is_gas_coin(&s) {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin
        } else if Coin::is_coin(&s) {
            // unwrap safe because a coin has exactly one type parameter
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(s.type_params.pop().unwrap())
        } else if StakedIota::is_staked_iota(&s) {
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota
        } else {
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s)
        })
    }
}

impl From<MoveObjectType> for StructTag {
    fn from(t: MoveObjectType) -> Self {
        match t.0 {
            MoveObjectType_::GasCoin => GasCoin::type_(),
            MoveObjectType_::StakedIota => StakedIota::type_(),
            MoveObjectType_::Coin(inner) => Coin::type_(inner),
            MoveObjectType_::Other(s) => s,
        }
    }
}

impl From<MoveObjectType> for TypeTag {
    fn from(o: MoveObjectType) -> TypeTag {
        let s: StructTag = o.into();
        TypeTag::Struct(Box::new(s))
    }
}

/// Whether this type is valid as a primitive (pure) transaction input.
pub fn is_primitive_type_tag(t: &TypeTag) -> bool {
    use TypeTag as T;

    match t {
        T::Bool | T::U8 | T::U16 | T::U32 | T::U64 | T::U128 | T::U256 | T::Address => true,
        T::Vector(inner) => is_primitive_type_tag(inner),
        T::Struct(st) => {
            let StructTag {
                address,
                module,
                name,
                type_params: type_args,
            } = &**st;
            let resolved_struct = (address, module.as_ident_str(), name.as_ident_str());
            // is id or..
            if resolved_struct == RESOLVED_IOTA_ID {
                return true;
            }
            // is utf8 string
            if resolved_struct == RESOLVED_UTF8_STR {
                return true;
            }
            // is ascii string
            if resolved_struct == RESOLVED_ASCII_STR {
                return true;
            }
            // is option of a primitive
            resolved_struct == RESOLVED_STD_OPTION
                && type_args.len() == 1
                && is_primitive_type_tag(&type_args[0])
        }
        T::Signer => false,
    }
}

/// Type of an IOTA object
#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Ord, PartialOrd, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub enum ObjectType {
    /// Move package containing one or more bytecode modules
    Package,
    /// A Move struct of the given type
    Struct(MoveObjectType),
}

impl From<&Object> for ObjectType {
    fn from(o: &Object) -> Self {
        o.data
            .type_()
            .map(|t| ObjectType::Struct(t.clone()))
            .unwrap_or(ObjectType::Package)
    }
}

impl TryFrom<ObjectType> for StructTag {
    type Error = anyhow::Error;

    fn try_from(o: ObjectType) -> Result<Self, anyhow::Error> {
        match o {
            ObjectType::Package => Err(anyhow!("Cannot create StructTag from Package")),
            ObjectType::Struct(move_object_type) => Ok(move_object_type.into()),
        }
    }
}

impl FromStr for ObjectType {
    type Err = anyhow::Error;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        if s.to_lowercase() == PACKAGE {
            Ok(ObjectType::Package)
        } else {
            let tag = parse_iota_struct_tag(s)?;
            Ok(ObjectType::Struct(MoveObjectType::from(tag)))
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Ord, PartialOrd, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub struct ObjectInfo {
    pub object_id: ObjectID,
    pub version: SequenceNumber,
    pub digest: ObjectDigest,
    pub type_: ObjectType,
    pub owner: Owner,
    pub previous_transaction: TransactionDigest,
}

impl ObjectInfo {
    pub fn new(oref: &ObjectRef, o: &Object) -> Self {
        let (object_id, version, digest) = *oref;
        Self {
            object_id,
            version,
            digest,
            type_: o.into(),
            owner: o.owner,
            previous_transaction: o.previous_transaction,
        }
    }

    pub fn from_object(object: &Object) -> Self {
        Self {
            object_id: object.id(),
            version: object.version(),
            digest: object.digest(),
            type_: object.into(),
            owner: object.owner,
            previous_transaction: object.previous_transaction,
        }
    }
}
const PACKAGE: &str = "package";
impl ObjectType {
    pub fn is_gas_coin(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, ObjectType::Struct(s) if s.is_gas_coin())
    }

    pub fn is_coin(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, ObjectType::Struct(s) if s.is_coin())
    }

    /// Return true if `self` is `0x2::coin::Coin<t>`
    pub fn is_coin_t(&self, t: &TypeTag) -> bool {
        matches!(self, ObjectType::Struct(s) if s.is_coin_t(t))
    }

    pub fn is_package(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, ObjectType::Package)
    }
}

impl From<ObjectInfo> for ObjectRef {
    fn from(info: ObjectInfo) -> Self {
        (info.object_id, info.version, info.digest)
    }
}

impl From<&ObjectInfo> for ObjectRef {
    fn from(info: &ObjectInfo) -> Self {
        (info.object_id, info.version, info.digest)
    }
}

pub const IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH: usize = ObjectID::LENGTH;

#[serde_as]
#[derive(
    Eq, Default, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Copy, Clone, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema,
)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "fuzzing", derive(proptest_derive::Arbitrary))]
pub struct IotaAddress(
    #[schemars(with = "Hex")]
    #[serde_as(as = "Readable<Hex, _>")]
    [u8; IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH],
);

impl IotaAddress {
    pub const ZERO: Self = Self([0u8; IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH]);

    pub fn new(bytes: [u8; IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH]) -> Self {
        Self(bytes)
    }

    /// Convert the address to a byte buffer.
    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        self.0.to_vec()
    }

    /// Return a random IotaAddress.
    pub fn random_for_testing_only() -> Self {
        AccountAddress::random().into()
    }

    pub fn generate<R: rand::RngCore + rand::CryptoRng>(mut rng: R) -> Self {
        let buf: [u8; IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH] = rng.gen();
        Self(buf)
    }

    /// Serialize an `Option<IotaAddress>` in Hex.
    pub fn optional_address_as_hex<S>(
        key: &Option<IotaAddress>,
        serializer: S,
    ) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: serde::ser::Serializer,
    {
        serializer.serialize_str(&key.map(Hex::encode).unwrap_or_default())
    }

    /// Deserialize into an `Option<IotaAddress>`.
    pub fn optional_address_from_hex<'de, D>(
        deserializer: D,
    ) -> Result<Option<IotaAddress>, D::Error>
    where
        D: serde::de::Deserializer<'de>,
    {
        let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
        let value = decode_bytes_hex(&s).map_err(serde::de::Error::custom)?;
        Ok(Some(value))
    }

    /// Return the underlying byte array of a IotaAddress.
    pub fn to_inner(self) -> [u8; IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH] {
        self.0
    }

    /// Parse a IotaAddress from a byte array or buffer.
    pub fn from_bytes<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(bytes: T) -> Result<Self, IotaError> {
        <[u8; IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH]>::try_from(bytes.as_ref())
            .map_err(|_| IotaError::InvalidAddress)
            .map(IotaAddress)
    }

    /// This derives a zkLogin address by parsing the iss and address_seed from
    /// [struct ZkLoginAuthenticator]. Define as iss_bytes_len || iss_bytes
    /// || padded_32_byte_address_seed. This is to be differentiated with
    /// try_from_unpadded defined below.
    pub fn try_from_padded(inputs: &ZkLoginInputs) -> IotaResult<Self> {
        Ok((&PublicKey::from_zklogin_inputs(inputs)?).into())
    }

    /// Define as iss_bytes_len || iss_bytes || unpadded_32_byte_address_seed.
    pub fn try_from_unpadded(inputs: &ZkLoginInputs) -> IotaResult<Self> {
        let mut hasher = DefaultHash::default();
        hasher.update([SignatureScheme::ZkLoginAuthenticator.flag()]);
        let iss_bytes = inputs.get_iss().as_bytes();
        hasher.update([iss_bytes.len() as u8]);
        hasher.update(iss_bytes);
        hasher.update(inputs.get_address_seed().unpadded());
        Ok(IotaAddress(hasher.finalize().digest))
    }
}

impl From<ObjectID> for IotaAddress {
    fn from(object_id: ObjectID) -> IotaAddress {
        Self(object_id.into_bytes())
    }
}

impl From<AccountAddress> for IotaAddress {
    fn from(address: AccountAddress) -> IotaAddress {
        Self(address.into_bytes())
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&[u8]> for IotaAddress {
    type Error = IotaError;

    /// Tries to convert the provided byte array into a IotaAddress.
    fn try_from(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, IotaError> {
        Self::from_bytes(bytes)
    }
}

impl TryFrom<Vec<u8>> for IotaAddress {
    type Error = IotaError;

    /// Tries to convert the provided byte buffer into a IotaAddress.
    fn try_from(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, IotaError> {
        Self::from_bytes(bytes)
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for IotaAddress {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        &self.0[..]
    }
}

impl FromStr for IotaAddress {
    type Err = anyhow::Error;
    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        decode_bytes_hex(s).map_err(|e| anyhow!(e))
    }
}

impl<T: IotaPublicKey> From<&T> for IotaAddress {
    fn from(pk: &T) -> Self {
        let mut hasher = DefaultHash::default();
        T::SIGNATURE_SCHEME.update_hasher_with_flag(&mut hasher);
        hasher.update(pk);
        let g_arr = hasher.finalize();
        IotaAddress(g_arr.digest)
    }
}

impl From<&PublicKey> for IotaAddress {
    fn from(pk: &PublicKey) -> Self {
        let mut hasher = DefaultHash::default();
        pk.scheme().update_hasher_with_flag(&mut hasher);
        hasher.update(pk);
        let g_arr = hasher.finalize();
        IotaAddress(g_arr.digest)
    }
}

impl From<&MultiSigPublicKey> for IotaAddress {
    /// Derive a IotaAddress from [struct MultiSigPublicKey]. A MultiSig address
    /// is defined as the 32-byte Blake2b hash of serializing the flag, the
    /// threshold, concatenation of all n flag, public keys and
    /// its weight. `flag_MultiSig || threshold || flag_1 || pk_1 || weight_1
    /// || ... || flag_n || pk_n || weight_n`.
    ///
    /// When flag_i is ZkLogin, pk_i refers to [struct ZkLoginPublicIdentifier]
    /// derived from padded address seed in bytes and iss.
    fn from(multisig_pk: &MultiSigPublicKey) -> Self {
        let mut hasher = DefaultHash::default();
        hasher.update([SignatureScheme::MultiSig.flag()]);
        hasher.update(multisig_pk.threshold().to_le_bytes());
        multisig_pk.pubkeys().iter().for_each(|(pk, w)| {
            pk.scheme().update_hasher_with_flag(&mut hasher);
            hasher.update(pk.as_ref());
            hasher.update(w.to_le_bytes());
        });
        IotaAddress(hasher.finalize().digest)
    }
}

/// IOTA address for [struct ZkLoginAuthenticator] is defined as the black2b
/// hash of [zklogin_flag || iss_bytes_length || iss_bytes ||
/// unpadded_address_seed_in_bytes].
impl TryFrom<&ZkLoginAuthenticator> for IotaAddress {
    type Error = IotaError;
    fn try_from(authenticator: &ZkLoginAuthenticator) -> IotaResult<Self> {
        IotaAddress::try_from_unpadded(&authenticator.inputs)
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&GenericSignature> for IotaAddress {
    type Error = IotaError;
    /// Derive a IotaAddress from a serialized signature in IOTA
    /// [GenericSignature].
    fn try_from(sig: &GenericSignature) -> IotaResult<Self> {
        match sig {
            GenericSignature::Signature(sig) => {
                let scheme = sig.scheme();
                let pub_key_bytes = sig.public_key_bytes();
                let pub_key = PublicKey::try_from_bytes(scheme, pub_key_bytes).map_err(|_| {
                    IotaError::InvalidSignature {
                        error: "Cannot parse pubkey".to_string(),
                    }
                })?;
                Ok(IotaAddress::from(&pub_key))
            }
            GenericSignature::MultiSig(ms) => Ok(ms.get_pk().into()),
            GenericSignature::ZkLoginAuthenticator(zklogin) => {
                IotaAddress::try_from_unpadded(&zklogin.inputs)
            }
            GenericSignature::PasskeyAuthenticator(s) => Ok(IotaAddress::from(&s.get_pk()?)),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for IotaAddress {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "0x{}", Hex::encode(self.0))
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for IotaAddress {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        write!(f, "0x{}", Hex::encode(self.0))
    }
}

/// Generate a fake IotaAddress with repeated one byte.
pub fn dbg_addr(name: u8) -> IotaAddress {
    let addr = [name; IOTA_ADDRESS_LENGTH];
    IotaAddress(addr)
}

#[derive(
    Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Copy, Clone, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize, JsonSchema, Debug,
)]
pub struct ExecutionDigests {
    pub transaction: TransactionDigest,
    pub effects: TransactionEffectsDigest,
}

impl ExecutionDigests {
    pub fn new(transaction: TransactionDigest, effects: TransactionEffectsDigest) -> Self {
        Self {
            transaction,
            effects,
        }
    }

    pub fn random() -> Self {
        Self {
            transaction: TransactionDigest::random(),
            effects: TransactionEffectsDigest::random(),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
pub struct ExecutionData {
    pub transaction: Transaction,
    pub effects: TransactionEffects,
}

impl ExecutionData {
    pub fn new(transaction: Transaction, effects: TransactionEffects) -> ExecutionData {
        debug_assert_eq!(transaction.digest(), effects.transaction_digest());
        Self {
            transaction,
            effects,
        }
    }

    pub fn digests(&self) -> ExecutionDigests {
        self.effects.execution_digests()
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub struct VerifiedExecutionData {
    pub transaction: VerifiedTransaction,
    pub effects: TransactionEffects,
}

impl VerifiedExecutionData {
    pub fn new(transaction: VerifiedTransaction, effects: TransactionEffects) -> Self {
        debug_assert_eq!(transaction.digest(), effects.transaction_digest());
        Self {
            transaction,
            effects,
        }
    }

    pub fn new_unchecked(data: ExecutionData) -> Self {
        Self {
            transaction: VerifiedTransaction::new_unchecked(data.transaction),
            effects: data.effects,
        }
    }

    pub fn into_inner(self) -> ExecutionData {
        ExecutionData {
            transaction: self.transaction.into_inner(),
            effects: self.effects,
        }
    }

    pub fn digests(&self) -> ExecutionDigests {
        self.effects.execution_digests()
    }
}

pub const STD_OPTION_MODULE_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("option");
pub const STD_OPTION_STRUCT_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("Option");
pub const RESOLVED_STD_OPTION: (&AccountAddress, &IdentStr, &IdentStr) = (
    &MOVE_STDLIB_ADDRESS,
    STD_OPTION_MODULE_NAME,
    STD_OPTION_STRUCT_NAME,
);

pub const STD_ASCII_MODULE_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("ascii");
pub const STD_ASCII_STRUCT_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("String");
pub const RESOLVED_ASCII_STR: (&AccountAddress, &IdentStr, &IdentStr) = (
    &MOVE_STDLIB_ADDRESS,
    STD_ASCII_MODULE_NAME,
    STD_ASCII_STRUCT_NAME,
);

pub const STD_UTF8_MODULE_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("string");
pub const STD_UTF8_STRUCT_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("String");
pub const RESOLVED_UTF8_STR: (&AccountAddress, &IdentStr, &IdentStr) = (
    &MOVE_STDLIB_ADDRESS,
    STD_UTF8_MODULE_NAME,
    STD_UTF8_STRUCT_NAME,
);

pub const TX_CONTEXT_MODULE_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("tx_context");
pub const TX_CONTEXT_STRUCT_NAME: &IdentStr = ident_str!("TxContext");

pub fn move_ascii_str_layout() -> A::MoveStructLayout {
    A::MoveStructLayout {
        type_: StructTag {
            address: MOVE_STDLIB_ADDRESS,
            module: STD_ASCII_MODULE_NAME.to_owned(),
            name: STD_ASCII_STRUCT_NAME.to_owned(),
            type_params: vec![],
        },
        fields: vec![A::MoveFieldLayout::new(
            ident_str!("bytes").into(),
            A::MoveTypeLayout::Vector(Box::new(A::MoveTypeLayout::U8)),
        )],
    }
}

pub fn move_utf8_str_layout() -> A::MoveStructLayout {
    A::MoveStructLayout {
        type_: StructTag {
            address: MOVE_STDLIB_ADDRESS,
            module: STD_UTF8_MODULE_NAME.to_owned(),
            name: STD_UTF8_STRUCT_NAME.to_owned(),
            type_params: vec![],
        },
        fields: vec![A::MoveFieldLayout::new(
            ident_str!("bytes").into(),
            A::MoveTypeLayout::Vector(Box::new(A::MoveTypeLayout::U8)),
        )],
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deserialize, Serialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TxContext {
    /// Signer/sender of the transaction
    sender: AccountAddress,
    /// Digest of the current transaction
    digest: Vec<u8>,
    /// The current epoch number
    epoch: EpochId,
    /// Timestamp that the epoch started at
    epoch_timestamp_ms: CheckpointTimestamp,
    /// Number of `ObjectID`'s generated during execution of the current
    /// transaction
    ids_created: u64,
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
pub enum TxContextKind {
    // No TxContext
    None,
    // &mut TxContext
    Mutable,
    // &TxContext
    Immutable,
}

impl TxContext {
    pub fn new(sender: &IotaAddress, digest: &TransactionDigest, epoch_data: &EpochData) -> Self {
        Self::new_from_components(
            sender,
            digest,
            &epoch_data.epoch_id(),
            epoch_data.epoch_start_timestamp(),
        )
    }

    pub fn new_from_components(
        sender: &IotaAddress,
        digest: &TransactionDigest,
        epoch_id: &EpochId,
        epoch_timestamp_ms: u64,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            sender: AccountAddress::new(sender.0),
            digest: digest.into_inner().to_vec(),
            epoch: *epoch_id,
            epoch_timestamp_ms,
            ids_created: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Returns whether the type signature is &mut TxContext, &TxContext, or
    /// none of the above.
    pub fn kind(view: &CompiledModule, s: &SignatureToken) -> TxContextKind {
        use SignatureToken as S;
        let (kind, s) = match s {
            S::MutableReference(s) => (TxContextKind::Mutable, s),
            S::Reference(s) => (TxContextKind::Immutable, s),
            _ => return TxContextKind::None,
        };

        let S::Datatype(idx) = &**s else {
            return TxContextKind::None;
        };

        let (module_addr, module_name, struct_name) = resolve_struct(view, *idx);
        let is_tx_context_type = module_name == TX_CONTEXT_MODULE_NAME
            && module_addr == &IOTA_FRAMEWORK_ADDRESS
            && struct_name == TX_CONTEXT_STRUCT_NAME;

        if is_tx_context_type {
            kind
        } else {
            TxContextKind::None
        }
    }

    pub fn epoch(&self) -> EpochId {
        self.epoch
    }

    /// Derive a globally unique object ID by hashing self.digest |
    /// self.ids_created
    pub fn fresh_id(&mut self) -> ObjectID {
        let id = ObjectID::derive_id(self.digest(), self.ids_created);

        self.ids_created += 1;
        id
    }

    /// Return the transaction digest, to include in new objects
    pub fn digest(&self) -> TransactionDigest {
        TransactionDigest::new(self.digest.clone().try_into().unwrap())
    }

    pub fn sender(&self) -> IotaAddress {
        IotaAddress::from(ObjectID(self.sender))
    }

    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        bcs::to_bytes(&self).unwrap()
    }

    /// Updates state of the context instance. It's intended to use
    /// when mutable context is passed over some boundary via
    /// serialize/deserialize and this is the reason why this method
    /// consumes the other context..
    pub fn update_state(&mut self, other: TxContext) -> Result<(), ExecutionError> {
        if self.sender != other.sender
            || self.digest != other.digest
            || other.ids_created < self.ids_created
        {
            return Err(ExecutionError::new_with_source(
                ExecutionErrorKind::InvariantViolation,
                "Immutable fields for TxContext changed",
            ));
        }
        self.ids_created = other.ids_created;
        Ok(())
    }

    // Generate a random TxContext for testing.
    pub fn random_for_testing_only() -> Self {
        Self::new(
            &IotaAddress::random_for_testing_only(),
            &TransactionDigest::random(),
            &EpochData::new_test(),
        )
    }

    /// Generate a TxContext for testing with a specific sender.
    pub fn with_sender_for_testing_only(sender: &IotaAddress) -> Self {
        Self::new(sender, &TransactionDigest::random(), &EpochData::new_test())
    }
}

// TODO: rename to version
impl SequenceNumber {
    /// An inclusive lower limit on a valid sequence number.
    ///
    /// A valid sequence number means an object, which this sequence number
    /// is assigned to, does not appear in a cancelled transaction.
    pub const MIN_VALID_INCL: SequenceNumber = SequenceNumber(u64::MIN);

    /// An exclusive upper limit on a valid sequence number: sequence numbers
    /// strictly smaller than this limit are valid sequence numbers.
    ///
    /// A valid sequence number means an object, which this sequence number
    /// is assigned to, does not appear in a cancelled transaction.
    /// Sequence numbers larger than this value are "special" and
    /// assigned to objects that appear in cancelled transactions.
    pub const MAX_VALID_EXCL: SequenceNumber = SequenceNumber(0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffff);

    /// Special sequence number that is assigned to objects which are accessed
    /// immutably in a cancelled transaction.
    pub const CANCELLED_READ: SequenceNumber =
        SequenceNumber(SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL.value() + 1);

    /// Special sequence number that was assigned to congested objects which
    /// cause transaction cancellations. Note that this special sequence
    /// number was only used prior to the introduction of a gas price feedback
    /// mechanism, but it is kept for backward compatibility.
    pub const CONGESTED_PRIOR_TO_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK: SequenceNumber =
        SequenceNumber(SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL.value() + 2);

    /// Special sequence number that is assigned the randomness state object
    /// if randomness is unavailable.
    pub const RANDOMNESS_UNAVAILABLE: SequenceNumber =
        SequenceNumber(SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL.value() + 3);

    // NOTE: if you want to add new SequenceNumber constants used for cancellation
    // reasons different than those used for cancellations due to shared object
    // congestion, please make sure their offset is less than
    // CONGESTED_BASE_OFFSET_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK

    /// The meaning of this constant is as follows:
    ///
    /// In the gas price feedback mechanism, sequence numbers >=
    /// `SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL` +
    /// `CONGESTED_BASE_OFFSET_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK` are assigned to
    /// objects that cause transactions cancellations due to congestion.
    ///
    /// Sequence numbers larger than `SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL` but
    /// smaller than `SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL` +
    /// `CONGESTED_BASE_OFFSET_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK` are
    /// intended for other transaction cancellation reasons.
    ///
    /// There unlikely will be more than 1000 non-congestion cancellation
    /// reasons, but this offset can be increased if needed, as long as
    /// (`SequenceNumber::MIN_CONGESTED.value()` + maximum gas price) does not
    /// overflow `u64::MAX`.
    const CONGESTED_BASE_OFFSET_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK: u64 = 1_000;

    /// Minimum congested sequence number used in the gas price feedback
    /// mechanism. A congested sequence number is assigned to objects that
    /// cause transaction cancellations.
    const MIN_CONGESTED_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK: SequenceNumber = SequenceNumber(
        SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL.value() + Self::CONGESTED_BASE_OFFSET_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK,
    );

    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        SequenceNumber(0)
    }

    pub const fn value(&self) -> u64 {
        self.0
    }

    pub const fn from_u64(u: u64) -> Self {
        SequenceNumber(u)
    }

    /// Returns a special sequence number used for congested shared objects:
    /// `SequenceNumber::MIN_CONGESTED.value()` + `suggested_gas_price`,
    /// where `suggested_gas_price` is embedded into a congested sequence
    /// number to facilitate a gas price feedback mechanism for transactions
    /// cancelled due to shared object congestion.
    pub fn new_congested_with_suggested_gas_price(suggested_gas_price: u64) -> Self {
        let (version, overflows) = Self::MIN_CONGESTED_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK
            .value()
            .overflowing_add(suggested_gas_price);
        debug_assert!(
            !overflows,
            "the calculated version for a congested shared objects overflows"
        );

        Self(version)
    }

    /// Check if this sequence number is congested, i.e., the corresponding
    /// object is the reason for transaction cancellation.
    pub fn is_congested(&self) -> bool {
        *self == Self::CONGESTED_PRIOR_TO_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK
            || self >= &Self::MIN_CONGESTED_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK
    }

    /// Returns the `suggested_gas_price` embedded in this congested shared
    /// object sequence number. The `suggested_gas_price` here is used for a
    /// gas price feedback mechanism for transactions cancelled due to
    /// shared object congestion.
    pub fn get_congested_version_suggested_gas_price(&self) -> u64 {
        assert!(
            *self >= Self::MIN_CONGESTED_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK,
            "this is not a version used for congested shared objects in the gas price feedback \
                mechanism"
        );

        self.value() - Self::MIN_CONGESTED_FOR_GAS_PRICE_FEEDBACK.value()
    }

    pub fn increment(&mut self) {
        assert!(
            self.is_valid(),
            "cannot increment a sequence number: \
                maximum valid sequence number has already been reached"
        );
        self.0 += 1;
    }

    pub fn increment_to(&mut self, next: SequenceNumber) {
        debug_assert!(*self < next, "Not an increment: {self} to {next}");
        *self = next;
    }

    pub fn decrement(&mut self) {
        assert_ne!(
            *self,
            Self::MIN_VALID_INCL,
            "cannot decrement a sequence number: \
                minimum valid sequence number has already been reached"
        );
        self.0 -= 1;
    }

    pub fn decrement_to(&mut self, prev: SequenceNumber) {
        debug_assert!(prev < *self, "Not a decrement: {self} to {prev}");
        *self = prev;
    }

    /// Returns a new sequence number that is greater than all `SequenceNumber`s
    /// in `inputs`, assuming this operation will not overflow.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn lamport_increment(inputs: impl IntoIterator<Item = SequenceNumber>) -> SequenceNumber {
        let max_input = inputs.into_iter().fold(SequenceNumber::new(), max);

        // TODO: Ensure this never overflows.
        // Option 1: Freeze the object when sequence number reaches MAX.
        // Option 2: Reject tx with MAX sequence number.
        // Issue #182.
        assert!(
            max_input.is_valid(),
            "cannot increment a sequence number: \
                maximum valid sequence number has already been reached"
        );

        SequenceNumber(max_input.0 + 1)
    }

    /// Checks if this sequence number is cancelled, i.e., the corresponding
    /// object appears in a cancelled transaction.
    pub fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
        self == &SequenceNumber::CANCELLED_READ
            || self == &SequenceNumber::RANDOMNESS_UNAVAILABLE
            || self.is_congested()
    }

    /// Checks if this sequence number is valid, i.e., the corresponding
    /// object does not appear in a cancelled transaction.
    pub fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
        self < &SequenceNumber::MAX_VALID_EXCL
    }
}

impl From<SequenceNumber> for u64 {
    fn from(val: SequenceNumber) -> Self {
        val.0
    }
}

impl From<u64> for SequenceNumber {
    fn from(value: u64) -> Self {
        SequenceNumber(value)
    }
}

impl From<SequenceNumber> for usize {
    fn from(value: SequenceNumber) -> Self {
        value.0 as usize
    }
}

impl ObjectID {
    /// The number of bytes in an address.
    pub const LENGTH: usize = AccountAddress::LENGTH;
    /// Hex address: 0x0
    pub const ZERO: Self = Self::new([0u8; Self::LENGTH]);
    pub const MAX: Self = Self::new([0xff; Self::LENGTH]);
    /// Create a new ObjectID
    pub const fn new(obj_id: [u8; Self::LENGTH]) -> Self {
        Self(AccountAddress::new(obj_id))
    }

    /// Const fn variant of `<ObjectID as From<AccountAddress>>::from`
    pub const fn from_address(addr: AccountAddress) -> Self {
        Self(addr)
    }

    /// Return a random ObjectID.
    pub fn random() -> Self {
        Self::from(AccountAddress::random())
    }

    /// Return a random ObjectID from a given RNG.
    pub fn random_from_rng<R>(rng: &mut R) -> Self
    where
        R: AllowedRng,
    {
        let buf: [u8; Self::LENGTH] = rng.gen();
        ObjectID::new(buf)
    }

    /// Return the underlying bytes buffer of the ObjectID.
    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        self.0.to_vec()
    }

    /// Parse the ObjectID from byte array or buffer.
    pub fn from_bytes<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(bytes: T) -> Result<Self, ObjectIDParseError> {
        <[u8; Self::LENGTH]>::try_from(bytes.as_ref())
            .map_err(|_| ObjectIDParseError::TryFromSlice)
            .map(ObjectID::new)
    }

    /// Return the underlying bytes array of the ObjectID.
    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> [u8; Self::LENGTH] {
        self.0.into_bytes()
    }

    /// Make an ObjectID with padding 0s before the single byte.
    pub const fn from_single_byte(byte: u8) -> ObjectID {
        let mut bytes = [0u8; Self::LENGTH];
        bytes[Self::LENGTH - 1] = byte;
        ObjectID::new(bytes)
    }

    /// Convert from hex string to ObjectID where the string is prefixed with 0x
    /// Padding 0s if the string is too short.
    pub fn from_hex_literal(literal: &str) -> Result<Self, ObjectIDParseError> {
        if !literal.starts_with("0x") {
            return Err(ObjectIDParseError::HexLiteralPrefixMissing);
        }

        let hex_len = literal.len() - 2;

        // If the string is too short, pad it
        if hex_len < Self::LENGTH * 2 {
            let mut hex_str = String::with_capacity(Self::LENGTH * 2);
            for _ in 0..Self::LENGTH * 2 - hex_len {
                hex_str.push('0');
            }
            hex_str.push_str(&literal[2..]);
            Self::from_str(&hex_str)
        } else {
            Self::from_str(&literal[2..])
        }
    }

    /// Create an ObjectID from `TransactionDigest` and `creation_num`.
    /// Caller is responsible for ensuring that `creation_num` is fresh
    pub fn derive_id(digest: TransactionDigest, creation_num: u64) -> Self {
        let mut hasher = DefaultHash::default();
        hasher.update([HashingIntentScope::RegularObjectId as u8]);
        hasher.update(digest);
        hasher.update(creation_num.to_le_bytes());
        let hash = hasher.finalize();

        // truncate into an ObjectID.
        // OK to access slice because digest should never be shorter than
        // ObjectID::LENGTH.
        ObjectID::try_from(&hash.as_ref()[0..ObjectID::LENGTH]).unwrap()
    }

    /// Increment the ObjectID by usize IDs, assuming the ObjectID hex is a
    /// number represented as an array of bytes
    pub fn advance(&self, step: usize) -> Result<ObjectID, anyhow::Error> {
        let mut curr_vec = self.to_vec();
        let mut step_copy = step;

        let mut carry = 0;
        for idx in (0..Self::LENGTH).rev() {
            if step_copy == 0 {
                // Nothing else to do
                break;
            }
            // Extract the relevant part
            let g = (step_copy % 0x100) as u16;
            // Shift to next group
            step_copy >>= 8;
            let mut val = curr_vec[idx] as u16;
            (carry, val) = ((val + carry + g) / 0x100, (val + carry + g) % 0x100);
            curr_vec[idx] = val as u8;
        }

        if carry > 0 {
            bail!("Increment will cause overflow");
        }
        ObjectID::try_from(curr_vec).map_err(|w| w.into())
    }

    /// Increment the ObjectID by one, assuming the ObjectID hex is a number
    /// represented as an array of bytes
    pub fn next_increment(&self) -> Result<ObjectID, anyhow::Error> {
        let mut prev_val = self.to_vec();
        let mx = [0xFF; Self::LENGTH];

        if prev_val == mx {
            bail!("Increment will cause overflow");
        }

        // This logic increments the integer representation of an ObjectID u8 array
        for idx in (0..Self::LENGTH).rev() {
            if prev_val[idx] == 0xFF {
                prev_val[idx] = 0;
            } else {
                prev_val[idx] += 1;
                break;
            };
        }
        ObjectID::try_from(prev_val.clone()).map_err(|w| w.into())
    }

    /// Create `count` object IDs starting with one at `offset`
    pub fn in_range(offset: ObjectID, count: u64) -> Result<Vec<ObjectID>, anyhow::Error> {
        let mut ret = Vec::new();
        let mut prev = offset;
        for o in 0..count {
            if o != 0 {
                prev = prev.next_increment()?;
            }
            ret.push(prev);
        }
        Ok(ret)
    }

    /// Return the full hex string with 0x prefix without removing trailing 0s.
    /// Prefer this over [fn to_hex_literal] if the string needs to be fully
    /// preserved.
    pub fn to_hex_uncompressed(&self) -> String {
        format!("{self}")
    }

    pub fn is_clock(&self) -> bool {
        *self == IOTA_CLOCK_OBJECT_ID
    }
}

impl From<IotaAddress> for ObjectID {
    fn from(address: IotaAddress) -> ObjectID {
        let tmp: AccountAddress = address.into();
        tmp.into()
    }
}

impl From<AccountAddress> for ObjectID {
    fn from(address: AccountAddress) -> Self {
        Self(address)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for ObjectID {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        write!(f, "0x{}", Hex::encode(self.0))
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for ObjectID {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        write!(f, "0x{}", Hex::encode(self.0))
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for ObjectID {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.0.as_slice()
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&[u8]> for ObjectID {
    type Error = ObjectIDParseError;

    /// Tries to convert the provided byte array into ObjectID.
    fn try_from(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<ObjectID, ObjectIDParseError> {
        Self::from_bytes(bytes)
    }
}

impl TryFrom<Vec<u8>> for ObjectID {
    type Error = ObjectIDParseError;

    /// Tries to convert the provided byte buffer into ObjectID.
    fn try_from(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<ObjectID, ObjectIDParseError> {
        Self::from_bytes(bytes)
    }
}

impl FromStr for ObjectID {
    type Err = ObjectIDParseError;

    /// Parse ObjectID from hex string with or without 0x prefix, pad with 0s if
    /// needed.
    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, ObjectIDParseError> {
        decode_bytes_hex(s).or_else(|_| Self::from_hex_literal(s))
    }
}

impl std::ops::Deref for ObjectID {
    type Target = AccountAddress;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        &self.0
    }
}

/// Generate a fake ObjectID with repeated one byte.
pub fn dbg_object_id(name: u8) -> ObjectID {
    ObjectID::new([name; ObjectID::LENGTH])
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Debug, thiserror::Error)]
pub enum ObjectIDParseError {
    #[error("ObjectID hex literal must start with 0x")]
    HexLiteralPrefixMissing,

    #[error("Could not convert from bytes slice")]
    TryFromSlice,
}

impl From<ObjectID> for AccountAddress {
    fn from(obj_id: ObjectID) -> Self {
        obj_id.0
    }
}

impl From<IotaAddress> for AccountAddress {
    fn from(address: IotaAddress) -> Self {
        Self::new(address.0)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for MoveObjectType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        let s: StructTag = self.clone().into();
        write!(
            f,
            "{}",
            to_iota_struct_tag_string(&s).map_err(fmt::Error::custom)?
        )
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for ObjectType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            ObjectType::Package => write!(f, "{PACKAGE}"),
            ObjectType::Struct(t) => write!(f, "{t}"),
        }
    }
}

// SizeOneVec is a wrapper around Vec<T> that enforces the size of the vec to be
// 1. This seems pointless, but it allows us to have fields in protocol messages
// that are current enforced to be of size 1, but might later allow other sizes,
// and to have that constraint enforced in the serialization/deserialization
// layer, instead of requiring manual input validation.
#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd)]
#[serde(try_from = "Vec<T>")]
pub struct SizeOneVec<T> {
    e: T,
}

impl<T> SizeOneVec<T> {
    pub fn new(e: T) -> Self {
        Self { e }
    }

    pub fn element(&self) -> &T {
        &self.e
    }

    pub fn element_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
        &mut self.e
    }

    pub fn into_inner(self) -> T {
        self.e
    }

    pub fn iter(&self) -> std::iter::Once<&T> {
        std::iter::once(&self.e)
    }
}

impl<T> Serialize for SizeOneVec<T>
where
    T: Serialize,
{
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(1))?;
        seq.serialize_element(&self.e)?;
        seq.end()
    }
}

impl<T> TryFrom<Vec<T>> for SizeOneVec<T> {
    type Error = anyhow::Error;

    fn try_from(mut v: Vec<T>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        if v.len() != 1 {
            Err(anyhow!("Expected a vec of size 1"))
        } else {
            Ok(SizeOneVec {
                e: v.pop().unwrap(),
            })
        }
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_size_one_vec_is_transparent() {
    let regular = vec![42u8];
    let size_one = SizeOneVec::new(42u8);

    // Vec -> SizeOneVec serialization is transparent
    let regular_ser = bcs::to_bytes(&regular).unwrap();
    let size_one_deser = bcs::from_bytes::<SizeOneVec<u8>>(&regular_ser).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(size_one, size_one_deser);

    // other direction works too
    let size_one_ser = bcs::to_bytes(&SizeOneVec::new(43u8)).unwrap();
    let regular_deser = bcs::from_bytes::<Vec<u8>>(&size_one_ser).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(regular_deser, vec![43u8]);

    // we get a deserialize error when deserializing a vec with size != 1
    let empty_ser = bcs::to_bytes(&Vec::<u8>::new()).unwrap();
    bcs::from_bytes::<SizeOneVec<u8>>(&empty_ser).unwrap_err();

    let size_greater_than_one_ser = bcs::to_bytes(&vec![1u8, 2u8]).unwrap();
    bcs::from_bytes::<SizeOneVec<u8>>(&size_greater_than_one_ser).unwrap_err();
}